Chapter 13 - Theories of Personality

Question 0

Value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior.

Answer 0

Character

Question 1

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel and behave.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

The enduring characteristics with which each person is born.

Answer 2

Temperament

Question 3

Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily bought into consciousness.

Answer 3

Unconscious mind

Question 4

Part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.

Answer 4

Id

Question 5

Principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences.

Answer 5

Pleasure principle

Question 6

Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical

Answer 6

Ego

Question 7

Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

Answer 7

Reality principle

Question 8

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

Answer 8

Superego

Question 9

Part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is.

Answer 9

Conscience

Question 10

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety.

Answer 10

Psychological defense mechanisms

Question 11

Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation.

Answer 11

Denial

Question 12

Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind.

Answer 12

Repression

Question 13

Psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior.

Answer 13

Rationalization

Question 14

Psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings.

Answer 14

Projection

Question 15

Psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others.

Answer 15

Reaction formation

Question 16

Redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one.

Answer 16

Displacement

Question 17

Psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on child-like patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations.

Answer 17

Regression

Question 18

Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety.

Answer 18

Identification

Question 19

Defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area.

Answer 19

Compensation (substitution)

Question 20

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior.

Answer 20

Sublimation

Question 21

Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.

Answer 21

Fixation

Question 22

Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.

Answer 22

Psychosexual stages

Question 23

First stage occurring in the first year to year and a half of life in which the mouth is the erogeneous zone and weaning is the primary conflict.

Answer 23

Oral stage

Question 24

Second stage occurring from about 1 or 1½ years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.

Answer 24

Anal stage

Question 25

Third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings.

Answer 25

Phallic stage

Question 26

Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent.

Answer 26

Oedipus complex/Electra complex

Question 27

Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways.

Answer 27

Latency

Question 28

Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it.

Answer 28

Psychoanalysis

Question 29

Followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories.

Answer 29

Neo-Freudians

Question 30

Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud.

Answer 30

Personal unconscious

Question 31

Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.

Answer 31

Collective unconscious

Question 32

Jung's collective, universal human memories.

Answer 32

Archetypes

Question 33

Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults.

Answer 33

Basic anxiety

Question 34

Personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory.

Answer 34

Neurotic personalities

Question 35

In behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic.

Answer 35

Habits

Question 36

Theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies and learning.

Answer 36

Social cognitive learning theorists

Question 37

Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models.

Answer 37

Social cognitive view

Question 38

Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.

Answer 38

Reciprocal determinism

Question 39

Individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

Answer 39

Self-efficacy

Question 40

The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not control over events and consequences of their lives.

Answer 40

Locus of control

Question 41

A person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence.

Answer 41

Expectancy

Question 42

The "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

Answer 42

Humanistic perspective

Question 43

The striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities.

Answer 43

Self-actualizing tendency

Question 44

The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life.

Answer 44

Self-concept

Question 45

An individual's awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning.

Answer 45

Self

Question 46

One's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities.

Answer 46

Real self

Question 47

One's perception of whom one should be or would like to be.

Answer 47

Ideal self

Question 48

Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significang others in one's life.

Answer 48

Positive regard

Question 49

Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.

Answer 49

Unconditional positive regard

Question 50

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish.

Answer 50

Conditional positive regard

Question 51

A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings.

Answer 51

Fully functioning person

Question 52

Theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior.

Answer 52

Trait theories

Question 53

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Answer 53

Trait

Question 54

Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person.

Answer 54

Surface traits

Question 55

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality.

Answer 55

Source traits

Question 56

Dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation.

Answer 56

Introversion

Question 57

Willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.

Answer 57

Openness

Question 58

The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability.

Answer 58

Conscientiousness

Question 59

Dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people.

Answer 59

Extraversion

Question 60

People who are outgoing and sociable.

Answer 60

Extraverts

Question 61

People who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention.

Answer 61

Introverts

Question 62

The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant.

Answer 62

Agreeableness

Question 63

Degree of emotional instability or stability.

Answer 63

Neuroticism

Question 64

The assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed.

Answer 64

Trait-situation interaction

Question 65

Field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics.

Answer 65

Behavioral genetics

Question 66

Method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured and unstructured fashion.

Answer 66

Interview

Question 67

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements.

Answer 67

Halo effect

Question 68

Defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself.

Answer 68

Projection

Question 69

Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.

Answer 69

Projective tests

Question 70

Projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.

Answer 70

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 71

Projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli.

Answer 71

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 72

Referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences.

Answer 72

Subjective

Question 73

Assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting.

Answer 73

Direct observation

Question 74

Assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale.

Answer 74

Rating scale

Question 75

Assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted.

Answer 75

Frequency count

Question 76

Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test.

Answer 76

Personality inventory