Chapter 8 - Development Across The Lifespan

Question 1

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.

Answer 1

Human development

Question 2

Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.

Answer 2

Longitudinal design

Question 3

Research design in which several different participant age-groups are studied at one particular point in time.

Answer 3

Cross-sectional design

Question 4

Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed longitudinally.

Answer 4

Cross-sequential design

Question 5

The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

Answer 5

Nature

Question 6

The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

Answer 6

Nurture

Question 7

The science of inherited traits.

Answer 7

Genetics

Question 8

Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements.

Answer 9

Gene

Question 10

Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA.

Answer 10

Chromosome

Question 11

Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.

Answer 11

Dominant

Question 12

Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene.

Answer 12

Recessive

Question 13

The female sex cell, or egg.

Answer 13

Ovum

Question 14

The union of the ovum and sperm.

Answer 14

Fertilization

Question 15

Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm.

Answer 15

Zygote

Question 16

Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo.

Answer 16

Monozygotic twins

Question 17

Often called fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

Answer 17

Dizygotic twins

Question 18

First 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.

Answer 18

Germinal period

Question 19

Name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization.

Answer 19

Embryo

Question 20

The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop.

Answer 20

Embryonic period

Question 21

Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant.

Answer 21

Critical periods

Question 22

Any factor that can cause a birth defect.

Answer 22

Teratogen

Question 23

The time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby.

Answer 23

Fetal period

Question 24

Name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby.

Answer 24

Fetus

Question 25

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.

Answer 25

Cognitive development

Question 26

It is a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events.

Answer 26

Scheme

Question 27

It is Piaget's first stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment.

Answer 27

Sensorimotor stage

Question 28

It is the process of understanding things in terms of schemes that children already possess.

Answer 28

Assimilation

Question 29

It is the process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new information and experiences.

Answer 29

Accommodation

Question 30

It is the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight.

Answer 30

Object permanence

Question 31

It is Piaget's second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world.

Answer 31

Preoperational stage

Question 32

It is the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes.

Answer 32

Egocentrism

Question 33

In Piaget's theory, this is the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features.

Answer 33

Centration

Question 34

In Piaget's theory, this is the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature.

Answer 34

Conservation

Question 35

In Piaget's theory, this is the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action.

Answer 35

Irreversibility

Question 36

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking.

Answer 36

Concrete operations stage

Question 37

Piaget's last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking.

Answer 37

Formal operations stage

Question 38

It is the process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable.

Answer 38

Scaffolding

Question 39

It is Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher.

Answer 39

Zone of Proximal Development

Question 40

The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as "easy," "difficult," and "slow to warm up."

Answer 40

Temperament

Question 41

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver.

Answer 41

Attachment

Question 42

The behavior associated with being male or female.

Answer 42

Gender

Question 43

It is the perception of one's gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender.

Answer 43

Gender Identity

Question 44

The period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult.

Answer 44

Adolescence

Question 45

The physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak.

Answer 45

Puberty

Question 46

It is the type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm.

Answer 46

Personal fable

Question 47

Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent’s thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are.

Answer 47

Imaginary audience

Question 48

First level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the child’s behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior.

Answer 48

Preconventional morality

Question 49

Second level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in | which the child’s behavior is governed by conforming to the society’s norms of behavior.

Answer 49

Conventional morality

Question 50

Third level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the person’s behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in dis- agreement with accepted social norms.

Answer 50

Postconventional morality

Question 51

Stage of personality development in which the ado- lescent must find a consistent sense of self.

Answer 51

Identity versus role confusion

Question 52

The cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability.

Answer 52

Menopause

Question 53

Gradual changes in the sex- ual hormones and reproductive system of middle-aged males.

Answer 53

Andropause

Question 54

An emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self.

Answer 54

Intimacy

Question 55

Providing guidance to one's children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work.

Answer 55

Generativity

Question 56

Style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child.

Answer 56

Authoritarian parenting

Question 57

Style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child's behavior.

Answer 57

Permissive parenting

Question 58

Permissive parenting in which parents are uninvolved with child or child's behavior.

Answer 58

Permissive neglectful

Question 59

Permissive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits.

Answer 59

Permissive indulgent

Question 60

Style of parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a child's behavior.

Answer 60

Authoritative parenting

Question 61

Sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life possessing the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego.

Answer 61

Ego integrity

Question 62

Theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby.

Answer 62

Activity theory