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BIO-457 > Chapter 13 - Translation of mRNA > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Translation of mRNA Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA codons into amino acids to make proteins

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2
Q

Important cellular components

A

Proteins, RNAs, and small molecules

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3
Q

What are the active participants in cell structure and function?

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Genes that encode polypeptides

A

Protein-encoding or structural genes

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5
Q

Disease characterized by black urine and blue/black discoloration of tissues

A

Alkaptonuria

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6
Q

First person to propose relationship between genes and protein production

A

Archibald Garrod

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7
Q

First person to propose relationship between genes and protein production

A

Archibald Garrod

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8
Q

Who proposed one gene - one enzyme versus one gene - many enzymes

A

Beadle and Tatum

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9
Q

A single gene controls the synthesis of a single enzyme

A

One gene - one enzyme hypothesis

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10
Q

Term that denotes structure

A

Polypeptide

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11
Q

Term that denotes function

A

Protein

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12
Q

Genes that do not encode polypeptides

A

Functional RNA molecules

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13
Q

Translation relies on…

A

The genetic code

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14
Q

Three nucleotide group of mRNA

A

Codon

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15
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

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16
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

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17
Q

When more than one codon can specify the same amino acid

A

Degenerate code

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18
Q

Direction of polypeptide synthesis

A

5’ to 3’ parallel to mRNA

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19
Q

Where do peptide bonds form during elongation

A

Between carboxyl and amino groups

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20
Q

Four levels of structure in proteins

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

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21
Q

Primary structure

A

Amino acid sequence

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22
Q

Secondary structure

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A

folding into alpha helix and beta sheet

23
Q

Tertiary structure

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A

3D folding of a short region

24
Q

Quaternary structure

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A

When multiple polypeptides form a functional protein

25
Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions within a cell
Enzymes
26
Nirenberg experiments
Factors required for translation
27
Khorana experiments
RNA synthesis
28
Francis Crick experiments
Adaptor hypothesis
29
tRNA plays a direct role in the recognition of codons in mRNA - identifies the codon and delivers the proper amino acid
Adaptor hypothesis
30
Structure found in all tRNAs
3' ACC acceptor stem
31
Enzymes that attach amino acids to tRNAs - result in charged tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
32
Error rate of amino acids from tRNA
Less than 1 in 10,000
33
The codon-anticodon recognition process remains strict for the first two bases - the third can tolerate certain mismatches
Wobble hypothesis
34
Where does translation occur
Surface of the ribosome
35
Where are ribosomes in bacteria
Cytoplasm
36
Where are ribosomes in eukaryotes
One type in the cytoplasm, one type in the organelles
37
Ribosomes are formed of subunits containing...
Proteins and rRNA
38
Sedimentation coefficients in bacteria
30S, 50S, 70S
39
Sedimentation coefficients in eukaryotes
40S, 60S, 80S
40
Ribosome sites
P site, A site, E site
41
P Site
Peptidyl site
42
A Site
Aminoacyl site
43
E Site
Exit site
44
Three stages of translation
Initiation, elongation, termination
45
How does mRNA bind to the 30S subunit
Shine-Dalgarno sequence and hydrogen bonds
46
Bacterial initiation complex
mRNA, initiator tRNA, and ribosomal subunits
47
Eukaryotic initiation complex
mRNA, initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, additional initiation factors
48
Eukaryotic translation initiation process
initiation factor binds to 5' mRNA, joined by 40S subunit, tRNA(met) and assembly moves along mRNA looking for start codon
49
After peptide bond formation
tRNAs at P and A sites move to E and P sites
50
What recognizes stop codon
Release factor
51
In bacteria, can translation occur before transcription is finished?
Yes
52
In eukaryotes, can translation occur before transcription is finished?
No
53
Coupling
Translation begins before transcription ends
54
How do antibiotics work?
Translation process differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes allow translation in one to be inhibited without affecting the other

BIO-457 (7 decks)

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