Chapter 15 - Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes I: Transcriptional and Translation Regulation

Question 1

How is gene regulation useful?

Answer 1

Response to changes in nutrient availability, response to environmental stresses

Question 2

Gene regulation is necessary to ensure:

Answer 2

Gene expression in an accurate pattern, Differences among different cell types

Question 3

Proteins that influence the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe a given gene

Answer 3

Transcription factors

Question 4

Types of transcription factors:

Answer 4

General and regulatory

Question 5

Required for binding RNA pol to the core promoter for elongation and necessary for basal transcription

Answer 5

General transcription factors

Question 6

Regulate the transcription speed and influence RNA pol’s ability to start transcription of a gene

Answer 6

Regulatory transcription factors

Question 7

Control elements, regulatory elements or regulatory sequences

Answer 7

Cis regulatory elements

Question 8

Regulatory protein that increases the rate of transcription

Answer 8

Activator

Question 9

The sequence an activator binds to

Answer 9

Enhancer

Question 10

Regulatory protein that decreases the rate of transcription

Answer 10

Repressor

Question 11

Sequence a repressor binds to

Answer 11

Silencer

Question 12

When many different transcription factors are involved

Answer 12

Combinational control

Question 13

Regions of transcription factor proteins that are responsible for specific functions

Answer 13

Domains

Question 14

A domain that has a very similar structure in many different proteins

Answer 14

Motif

Question 15

When response elements can function properly in both the forward and reverse orientations

Answer 15

Orientation independent or bidirectional

Question 16

Do most regulatory factors bind directly to RNA polymerase?

Answer 16

No, they use TFIID, coactivators, mediators, and changes in chromatin structure

Question 17

Three ways the function of regulatory transcription factors can be modulated:

Answer 17

Small effector molecules, protein interactions, covalent modification

Question 18

Regulatory transcription factors that respond to steroid hormones

Answer 18

Steroid receptors

Question 19

What do steroid hormones do?

Answer 19

Affect gene transcription

Question 20

Molecules that influence nutrient metabolism in most cells and promote use of glucose and protein breakdown

Answer 20

Glucocorticoids

Question 21

Hormones including estrogen and testosterone that influence the growth and function of the gonads

Answer 21

Gonadocorticoids

Question 22

How to GREs work?

Answer 22

Function as enhancers

Question 23

cAMP response element-binding protein that becomes activated in response to cell-signaling molecules that can increase the amount of cAMP in the cytoplasm

Answer 23

CREB

Question 24

Acts as a second messenger to activate protein kinase A

Answer 24

cAMP

Question 25

What does phosphorylated CREB do?

Answer 25

Binds to DNA to stimulate transcription

Question 26

What does unpoosphorylated CREB do?

Answer 26

Binds to DNA but cannot activate RNA pol

Question 27

When chromatin is very tightly packed, which makes transcription difficult

Answer 27

Closed conformation

Question 28

When chromatin is accessible to transcription factors, allowing it to take place

Answer 28

Open conformation

Question 29

When nucleosomes change position in cells that typically express a gene in comparison with cells in which the gene is inactive

Answer 29

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling

Question 30

Three ways chromatin remodeling complexes change chromatin structure

Answer 30

Change nucleosome position, evict histome octamer, change nucleosome composition

Question 31

The pattern of modifications to the amino terminal tails of histones

Answer 31

Histone code

Question 32

Technique to map the location of specific nucleosomes within a genome

Answer 32

ChIP-Seq

Question 33

The region at the beginning and end of many genes where nucleosomes are not found

Answer 33

Nucleosome-free region (NFR)

Question 34

The covalent attachment of methyl groups

Answer 34

DNA methylation

Question 35

How does DNA methylation affect transcription?

Answer 35

Inhibits it

Question 36

A region 1000-2000 nucleotides long that contains a high number of CpG sites and is unmethyalated

Answer 36

CpG islands

Question 37

In tissue-specific genes, how does methylation of CpG islands affect the organsim?

Answer 37

Gene expression may be silenced, transcription factors may not bind, chromatin may be compacted

Question 38

Is DNA methylation heritable?

Answer 38

Yes, the pattern of methylation can be passed to offspring

Question 39

The encyclopedia of DNA elements consortium

Answer 39

ENCODE project

Question 40

Body response to low iron

Answer 40

IRP binds to IRE prevent translation of ferritin mRNA

Question 41

Body response to high iron

Answer 41

Iron binds directly to IRP and prevents binding to IRE so ferritin is translated to make ferritin protein