Chapter 7 - Genetic Transfer and Mapping in Bacteria

Question 1

Bacteria reproduce by

Answer 1

Binary fission

Question 2

Crosses are not used in bacterial genetic analysis - instead, researchers use…

Answer 2

Genetic transfer

Question 3

Viruses that infect bacteria

Answer 3

Bacteriophages

Question 4

When a segment of bacterial DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another

Answer 4

Genetic transfer

Question 5

Genetic transfer increases…

Answer 5

Genetic diversity

Question 6

Three methods of genetic transfer

Answer 6

Conjugation, transduction, transformation

Question 7

Involves direct physical contact

Answer 7

Conjugation

Question 8

Involved bacteriophages

Answer 8

Transduction

Question 9

Involves uptake from the environment

Answer 9

Transformation

Question 10

When a donor and a recipient cell make contact and a strand of DNA is transferred

Answer 10

Conjugation

Question 11

When a bacteriophage infects a donor cell and incorporates a fragment of chromosomal DNA into a new phase particle which incorporates DNA through recombination

Answer 11

Transduction

Question 12

When a bacterial cell dies and releases a fragment of DNA into the environment to be taken up by a neighboring cell and incorporated through recombination

Answer 12

Transformation

Question 13

Who discovered genetic transfer in bacteria

Answer 13

Lederberg and Tatum

Question 14

Type of organism that cannot synthesize a particular nutrient and need it in their growth medium

Answer 14

Auxotrophs

Question 15

Type of organism that makes all its nutrients from components in the growth medium

Answer 15

Prototrophs

Question 16

Who showed that bacterial strains must make physical contact for transfer of genetic material to occur

Answer 16

Bernard Davis

Question 17

What is an F factor

Answer 17

Fertility factor

Question 18

Can all cells act as donor cells?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Strains containing an F factor

Answer 19

F+

Question 20

Strains not containing an F factor

Answer 20

F-

Question 21

What initiates conjugation?

Answer 21

Contact

Question 22

What mediates contact between donor and recipient cells?

Answer 22

Sex pili or F pili

Question 23

What happens after initial contact is made?

Answer 23

Pili shorten, cells get closer, and a conjugation bridge is formed

Question 24

What recognizes that origin of transfer and makes a cut in the DNA

Answer 24

Relaxosome

Question 25

After cutting, the relaxosome releases its accessory proteins except for...

Answer 25

Relaxase

Question 26

When conjugation occurs, the recipient cell acquires...

Answer 26

F factor

Question 27

What is extra-chromosomal DNA?

Answer 27

Plasmid

Question 28

Type of plasmid that allows conjugation

Answer 28

Fertility plasmid

Question 29

Type of plasmid known as R factors that contains genes conferring resistance to antibiotics

Answer 29

Resistance plasmids

Question 30

Type of plasmid that carries genes allowing digestion of unusual substances

Answer 30

Degradative plasmids

Question 31

Type of plasmid that contains genes to kill other bacteria

Answer 31

Col-plasmids

Question 32

Type of plasmid that carries genes to turn bacterium into pathogenic strains

Answer 32

Virulence plasmids

Question 33

Who discovered high frequency recombination strains?

Answer 33

Luca Cavalli-Sforza

Question 34

When F factors are excised imprecisely, they are called...

Answer 34

F' factors

Question 35

Who demonstrated that conjugation between Hfr and an F- strain involves the transfer of a portion of the Hfr bacterial chromosome?

Answer 35

William Hayes

Question 36

What determines the starting point and direction of the transfer process?

Answer 36

The origin of transfer of the integrated F factor

Question 37

Who developed the interrupted conjugation technique?

Answer 37

Elie Wollman

Question 38

What is the rationale behind the mapping strategy?

Answer 38

The time it takes genes to enter the recipient cell is directly related to their order along the bacterial chromosome

Question 39

The order of genes along the chromosome can be deduced by determining...

Answer 39

The time various genes take to enter the recipient cell

Question 40

The distance between genes is determined by comparing...

Answer 40

The times of entry during an interrupted conjugation experiment

Question 41

During transduction, two different cycles are possible:

Answer 41

Lytic or lysogenic

Question 42

Who discovered transformation?

Answer 42

Frederick Griffith

Question 43

What are the two types of transformation?

Answer 43

Natural and artificial

Question 44

Bacterial cells that are able to take up DNA

Answer 44

Competent cells

Question 45

Genes that encode proteins

Answer 45

Competence factors

Question 46

If the transformed DNA is homologous to a region in the bacterial chromosome, it can be incorporated by...

Answer 46

Homologous recombination

Question 47

The process in which an organism receives genes from another organism without being a direct offspring

Answer 47

Horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, and transduction are examples)

Question 48

Horizontal gene transfer has dramatically contributed to...

Answer 48

Acquired antibiotic resistance