Chapter 14

Question 1

symbiosis

Answer 1

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Question 2

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 2

do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different enviroment

Question 3

mutualism and example

Answer 3

both organisms benefit. ex: E.Coli in the intestines

Question 4

commensalism and example

Answer 4

one organism benefits and another is unaffected. ex: S. Epidermis on the skin

Question 5

What is another name for a nosocomial infection? What are they? Where do you get them?

Answer 5

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI). These are infections that patients get while receiving treatment for other conditions. You get them in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, in-home health care enviroment

Question 6

What are the most common types of HAIs? How do you prevent them?

Answer 6

Now, MRSA, S. aureus, and C. dificile. Aseptic techniques, careful handling of contaminated material, frequent handwashing

Question 7

What are Koch’s postulates?

Answer 7

the disease has to have the same pathogen then

Question 8

What are the exceptions to the postulates?

Answer 8

some microorganisms cannot be cultured on artificial media, some diseases (pneumonia, peritonitis, meningitis), some pathogens infect a number of different organs or tissues and cause very different diseases or symptoms

Question 9

Incidence

Answer 9

the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period. indicated spread of disease

Question 10

Epidemic

Answer 10

many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a short period of time (influenza). Pandemic is a worldwide epidemic

Question 11

Endemic

Answer 11

if a disease is constantly present (common cold)

Question 12

Pandemic

Answer 12

epidemic that is actively spreading to multiple regions across the globe

Question 13

difference between pandemic and epidemic?

Answer 13

Epidemic is large, it is also contained and expected to spread. Pandemic is international and out of control

Question 14

Sporadic

Answer 14

if a disease occurs only occasionally

Question 15

What is a focal infection? What does it usually start out as?

Answer 15

When a local infection enteres the blood or lymph system and spreads to other parts of the body. Theystart as systemic infections

Question 16

What is herd immunity? How does it increase?

Answer 16

Many immune people present in a community. It increases by vaccinations

Question 17

Septicemia

Answer 17

sepsis resulting from pathogens in the bloodstream

Question 18

Bacteremia

Answer 18

presence of bacteria in the blood

Question 19

Viremia

Answer 19

presence of viruses in the blood

Question 20

What is a reservoir of infection? Give some examples.

Answer 20

A source of organisms where an infection and live and multiply. Examples are humans, animals, soil, and water

Question 21

Define fomite. Give examples.

Answer 21

objects that are likely to carry infections. Examples are tissue, towel, money

Question 22

Acute

Answer 22

one that develops rapidly, but only lasts a short time

Question 23

Chronic

Answer 23

develops more slowly and the body reactions are often less sevre but it is continuous for long periods of time

Question 24

Primary Infections

Answer 24

a acute infection that causes the initial illness

Question 25

WHat 4 pathogens cause primary infections?

Answer 25

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

Question 26

Secondary Infection

Answer 26

caused by a pathogen after a primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses

Question 27

Define symptoms

Answer 27

changes in body function such as pain and malaise (a vague feeling of body discomfort)

Question 28

Define signs and examples

Answer 28

objective changes. Examples: lesions, swelling, fever, paralysis

Question 29

What is an emerging infectious disease (EID)? Where do they come from? How do they form?

Answer 29

EID- are new or changing diseases that show an increase in incidence in the recent past or potentioal increase in the near future. Can come from virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan. They form by mutation of a previous infection or are transferred by international vehicles

Question 30

Transmission of a disease

Answer 30

how diseases can move from one place to another

Question 31

Contact Transmission

Answer 31

the spread of a disease by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission

Question 32

Direct Contact Transmission

Answer 32

(person to person) is the direct transmission of an agent by physical contact between the disease source and the host

Question 33

Indirect Contact Transmission

Answer 33

involves nonliving objects such as a glass, a tissue, towel money

Question 34

Droplet Transmission

Answer 34

microbes are spread in mucus droplets

Question 35

Vehicle transmission

Answer 35

inanimate reservoirs such as food, water, or blood can also transmist disease. Can also be on blood or other body fluids, drugs, or IV fluids

Question 36

Vector Transmission

Answer 36

transmitted by blood-feeding animals like mosquitos, ticks, and fleas

Question 37

What is a latent infection

Answer 37

one in which the pathogen i inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms

Question 38

What are the stages of an infectious disease? Describe each stage

Answer 38

1) Incubation. The time from exposure to a infectious disease until to the onset symptoms.
2) Prodromal: the period after incubation and before symptoms of infection occur
3) Illness: The time when a person shows symptoms of an infection disease
4) Decline: The immune system sets up in effective defense against the pathogens and the numbers of infectious particles decreases
5) Convalescence: Symproms resolve and a person can return to normal