Chapter 14

Question 1

Parasympathetic division

Answer 1

(mainly Ach) - “rest & digest” - non-stress state

Question 2

Sympathetic division

Answer 2

fight or flight system, mobilizes the body during activity & promotes adjustments during exercise, excitement, or when threatened

Question 3

Where is ganglion:

Answer 3

Closer to effector - parasympathetic
Closer to the spinal cord - sympathetic

Question 4

Sites of origin:

Answer 4

parasympathetic - brain stem or sacral spinal cord
sympathetic - thoracic & lumbar spinal cord

Question 5

Visceral vs. Somatic reflex arcs

Answer 5

The visceral reflex has two
consecutive neurons in its
motor component

Question 6

Visceral Motor neuron (two-neuron chain)

Answer 6

preganglionic + postganglionic

Question 7

Neurotransmitters of the ANS

Answer 7

ACh - All ANS preganglionic axons * All parasympathetic
Norepinephrine - Include majority of sympathetic postganglionic axons
* Exception: sympathetic postganglionic fibers that secrete ACh onto sweat glands

Question 8

Cholinergic fibers:

Answer 8

those that release ACh

Question 9

Adrenergic fibers:

Answer 9

those that release NE

Question 10

Interactions of the Autonomic Divisions

Answer 10

Most visceral organs have dual innervation (both para & sympathetic)

Question 11

Sympathetic tone (vasomotor tone)

Answer 11

Keeps the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction

Question 12

Parasympathetic Tone

Answer 12

normally dominates the heart and smooth
muscle of digestive and urinary tract organs

Question 13

Unique Roles of the Sympathetic Division

Answer 13

Certain areas only receive sympathetic fibers:
* Adrenal medulla
* Sweat glands
* Arrector pili muscles
* Kidneys
* Most blood vessels

Question 14

Localized Versus Diffuse Effects

Answer 14

Parasympathetic division: short-lived, highly localized control over effectors
* Sympathetic division: long-lasting, bodywide effects

Question 15

Control of ANS Function

Answer 15

Hypothalamus primary control center, Brain stem and spinal cord controls

Question 16

Disorders of ANS

Answer 16

Hypertension (high blood pressure)
* Raynaud’s disease
* Autonomic dysreflexia

Question 17

• Raynaud’s disease

Answer 17

Characterized by intermittent attacks causing the skin of fingers/toes
to become pale, then cyanotic and painful
* Commonly provoked by exposure to cold or emotional stress, it is an
exaggerated vasoconstriction response