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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

rostral

A

toward the forehead

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2
Q

caudal

A

toward the spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the formation of the neural tube

A

first the posterior midline of embryo thickens to form neural plate then the neural plate sinks and edges thicken. then the neural groove forms raised neural folds on each side and lastly the folds fuse to create the hollow neural tube by day 26 of development

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4
Q

embryonic origin of cerebrum

A

telencephalon > prosencephalon (forebrain)

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5
Q

embryonic origin of epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

A

diencephalon > prosencephalon (forebrain)

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6
Q

embryonic origin of midbrain

A

mesencephalon > midbrain

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7
Q

embryonic origin of pons and cerebellum

A

metencephalon > rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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8
Q

embryonic origin of medulla oblongota

A

myelencephalon > rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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9
Q

what are the meninges that cover the brain

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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10
Q

the dura mater

A

the outermost layer that is fused to the periosteum with no epidural space
it folds inward to extend between and divide parts of brain; provide support and stabilization;

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11
Q

where is falx cerebri found

A

longitudinal fissure

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12
Q

where is tentorium cerebelli found

A

transverse fissure

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13
Q

falx cerebelli

A

posterior cerebellar notch

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14
Q

arachnoid mater

A

has the subarachnoid space that contains CSF

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15
Q

pia mater

A

hugs the contours of the cerebrum

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16
Q

gyrus

A

worm contours of brain

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17
Q

sulcus

A

the dips or grooves in the brain

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18
Q

dural sinuses

A

collecting veins located within the dural folds

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19
Q

key clinical features of meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges; pia mater and arachnoid mostly affected; causes swelling of the brain, enlargment of ventricles and hemorrhaging; caused by bacterial, fungal, viral of CNS; symptoms: high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache, progesses to coma then death; diagnosed by lumbar puncture

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20
Q

make-up of CSF and its functions

A

clear, colorless liquid fills canals and ventricals and subarachnoid space; brain produces and absorbs 500 mL/day. 100 to 160 mL normally present at one time

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21
Q

choroid plexus

A

capillaries of the brain that filter blood plasma. using ependymal cells changed blood to csf to add more Na and chloride; found in each ventricle

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22
Q

pertinent anatomy of ventricles and ducts

A

home of the choroid plexus; lateral ventricles: csf formed here > third ventricle: through interventricular foramen; found inferior to corpus callosum > fourth ventricle: through cerebral aqueduct; between brain stem and cerebellum > central canal lined with ependymal cells

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23
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

regulate what comes in and out of the brain; capillaries of the choroid plexus and blood capillaries of the brain tissue; astrocytes reach out and contact capillaries with their perivascular feet

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24
Q

midbrain

A

contains cerebral aquaduct; contains cranial nerve III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear); if brain is injured you will have loss of eye movement

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25
what is the function of the superior colliculi of the midbrain
function in visual attention and tracking movements
26
pons
contains cranial nerves; V, VI, VII, VIII; ascending and descending tracts pass through here; if injured loss of cutaneous sensation to face, mastication, hearing, taste, equilibrium
27
medulla oblongata
contains cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII; if injured equilibrium/hearing, motor to throat, taste posterior 1/3rd of tongue, motor to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, motor to tongue
28
medullary pyramids
descending fibers called corticospinal tracts; carry motor signals to skeletal muscles, 90% decussate; contains cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centers
29
what is apart of the brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
30
anatomy of cerebellum
separated from cerebrum by transverse fissure; right and left hemisphere called vermis; has folia to increase surface area, lots of gray matter; white matter called arbor vitae;
31
function of cerebellum
coordination movement and locomotion; keeps us upright, alcohol and some drugs can temporarily affect cerebellar function; muscle movement; ataxia occurs
32
thalamus anatomy
mass on each side of brain at superior end of brainstem beneath cerebral hemispheres; two thalami joined by interthalamic adhesion
33
thalamus functions
filter information; plays key role in motor control; involved in memory and emotional function of the limbic system
34
hypothalamus anatomy
connected by infundibulum and contains pituitary gland
35
hypothalamus functions
control of autonomic and endocrine system; secretes hormones, homeostatic regulation, circadium rhythm, food/water intake
36
how does the hypothalamus relate to endocrine and autonomic nervous systems
secretes hormones and influences heart rate, blood pressure, gi secretions, motility
37
anatomy of cerebrum
longitudinal fissure between two halfs; corpus callosum connected too; has give lobes
38
frontal lobe
voluntary motor functions, personality: aggression, emotion, mood, planning, motivation; doesn't fully develop until early-mid 20s
39
parietal lobe
primary sensory cortex , taste, some visual information
40
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex of brain
41
temporal lobe
hearing, smell, learning, memory, limbic system
42
insula
helps in understanding spoken language,
43
orientation of white and grey matter in brain
gray matter- neurosomas, dendrites, synapses white matter- bundles of axons
44
limbic system
process and regulate emotion and memory/learning: emotional brain
45
pre central gyrus
anterior border of the central sulcus in frontal lobe; forms the primary motor cortex
46
post central gyrus
forms posterior border of the central sulcus in parietal lobe; contains primary sensory cortex
47
components of limbic system
cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala
48
cingulate gyrus
arches over corpus callosum in frontal and parietal lobes
49
hippocampus
in medial temporal lobe (memory)
50
amygdala
immediately rostral to hippocampus (emotion)
51
gratification
sensations of pleasure or reward
52
aversion
sensations of fear or sorrow
53
where is gray matter found in brain
cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, limbic system
54
alpha waves
8 to 13 Hz; awake and resting with eyes closed and mind wandering
55
beta waves
14 to 30 Hz; eyes open and performing mental tasks
56
theta waves
4 to 7 Hz; drowsy or sleeping adults; if awake and under emotional stress
57
delta waves
<3.5 Hz; deep sleep in adults
58
Stage 1 of sleep
drowsy, relaxed, eyes closed, drifting sensation, easily awakened; alpha waves
59
stage 2 of sleep
light sleep; frequency decreases but amplitude increases with occasional sleep spindles
60
stage 3 of sleep
moderate to deep sleep; muscles relax, vital signs fall; theta and deltas
61
stage 4 of sleep
muscles very relaxed, vitals low, difficult to awaken; low frequency, high-amplitude delta
62
sensory nerves
I, II, VII
63
motor nerves
III, IV, VI, XI, XII
64
Mixed nerves
V, VII, IX, X
65
nerve I
olfactory nerve; sense of smell
66
nerve II
optic; sight/vision
67
nerve III
oculomotor; eye movement
68
nerve IV
trochlear; eye movement, control of superior oblique
69
nerve V
trigeminal; 3 division; cutaneous sensation of face, mastication (chewing)
70
nerve VI
abducens; eye movement, control of lateral rectus
71
nerve VII
facial; facial expression, taste in anterior 2/3rds tongue, glands
72
nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear; hearing and equilibrium
73
nerve IX
glossopharyngeal; taste in posterior 1/3rd of tongue, motor to throat
74
nerve X
vagus; longest parasympathetic nerve, major control of organs
75
nerve XI
accessory; innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle
76
nerve XII
hypoglossal; movement of tongue

Anatomy and Physiology I (8 decks)

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