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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and mass

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2
Q

What is mass?

A

the measurement of material in matter

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3
Q

What is an element/atom?

A

atoms are the smallest stable units of matter, an element is the substance made up of the atom

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4
Q

what is the structure of an atom?

A

unique and contains electrons, protons and neutrons

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5
Q

what are electrons?

A

(-) very small and almost no mass

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6
Q

what are protons?

A

(+) large and found in the nucleus

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7
Q

what are neutrons?

A

neutral, large and found in the nucleus

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8
Q

what is the chemical symbol?

A

abbreviations of elements ex: H, O, Cl

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9
Q

what is an isotope?

A

isotopes have identical chemical properties but have different masses. ex: 1H, 2H, 3H

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10
Q

what are radioisotopes?

A

some nuclei are unstable and will break down, when they break down, they release energy in the form of subatomic particles known as radiation. they are used in medicine to detect glucose in cancer cells and also radioactive iodine

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11
Q

What a valence shell and a valence electron?

A

the valence shell is the outer-most shell and the valence electrons are lcoated in the outer-ring, 8 electrons should be in the outer ring, the first ring only has 2

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12
Q

how do you draw oxygen?

A

2 in the first shell and 6 in the outer shell

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13
Q

what is chemical bonding?

A

chemical bonds are formed between two or more atoms that have unfilled valence shells (unstable)

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14
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

when atoms either gain or lose electrons

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15
Q

what is an ion?

A

atoms that have an electrical charge

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16
Q

cation

A

when an atom gives electrons

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17
Q

anion

A

when an atom gains an electron

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18
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

instead of donating electrons, they share to complete each other valence shell. can have single, double, or triple bonds ex: H-H, H=H, HEH

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19
Q

what is nonpolar vs polar covalent bonds?

A

nonpolar is equal sharing of electrons between atoms ex: 02
polar is unequal sharing of electrons between atoms ex: H2O

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20
Q

what is hydrogen bond?

A

when the slightly negative charge of hydrogen bonds attracts a slightly positive charge of another molecule.

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21
Q

chemical reaction

A

when bonds between atoms are created or broken

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22
Q

what are the 5 properties of water?

A

universal solvent (water+solute=solution), reactivity (water molecules are often reactants),
lubricant (little friction between water molecules) , high heat capacity, principles of adhesion and cohesion

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23
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of reactions taking place within the body at any given time

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24
Q

decomposition reaction

A

a reaction where a more complex molecule breaks down to form two or more simpler products

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25
hydrolysis reaction
a decomposition reaction in which water is an important part of the breakdown of the molecule (hydro/lysis=water/breakdown)
26
catabolism
collective term for all decomposition reactions in the body ex:hydrolysis, decomposition,
27
synthesis reaction
combine atoms or molecules into larger, complex structures (formation of new bonds)
28
dehydration (condensation reaction)
removes water as new structures are formed
29
anabolism
collective term for all sythesis reactions in the body (dehydration and synthesis)
30
exchange reaction
neither anabolic nor catabolic where reacting molecules switch places to produce different molecules
31
what is the function of an enzyme?
enzymes help reactions take place at a speed and environment that is compatible with life. typically ending in -ase
32
what is the structure of an enzyme?
an enzyme has an active site where substrates can bind to it. protease breaks down proteins
33
what are acids and bases?
acids will dissociate in water and release H+ ions ex: vinegar bases take up free H= or release OH- ex: baking soda
34
how do hydrogen ions affect the pH scale
the measurement of the acidity or basicity of a solution; when the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, pH decreases and vise versa
35
what are buffers?
prevent large changes in pH and take up excessive H+ and OH-
36
what is organic vs inorganic compounds
inorganic does not contain carbon or hydrogen atoms as their backbone ex: Co2, oxygen, water, salts, acids, bases organic has carbon and hydrogen as the backbone and are usually bound to each other ex: carbohydrates, lipids proteins, and nucleic acids
37
what are the macromolecules?
nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
38
what is the structure of carbohydrates?
contain 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen these are an important source of energy
39
what are the 3 different monosaccharides?
glucose fructose and galactose
40
what are disaccharides?
combination of 2 monosaccharides using dehydration synthesis
41
glucose +fructose= _____
sucrose
41
glucose + galactose = _______
lactose
42
glucose + glucose =_______
maltose
43
what are polysaccharides?
usually long chains on monosaccharides that are straight or highly branches
44
what are examples of polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, cellulose
45
what is the structure of fatty acids?
long chains of carbon with carboxyl on the end
46
what is saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids?
saturated have single bonded carbon (solid at room temp)and unsaturated have double bonded carbon (oils)
47
what is the structure and function of glycerides?
bind to glycerol and form mono-, di-, try-glycerides formed by dehydration reactions and are used for energy, insulation and protection
48
what is the structure steroids?
these have 4 carbon ring structure ex: cholesterol; strengthens the plasma membrane, testosterone vs. estrogen
49
what is a phospholipid?
a diglyceride with a phosphate attached found in the plasma membrane; hydrophilic head likes water and inner hydrophobic tails don;t
50
what are the functions of proteins in the body?
support, movement, buffering, transport, metabolism, control and coordination, defense
51
what is the structure of an amino acid?
central C, H, amine NH2, carboxyl group COOH 9 amino acids we get from food and 11 the body makes
52
what is the structure of a protein?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
53
primary structure of protein
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
54
secondary structure of protein
the amino acids start to form hydrogen bonds with each other (spiral or pleated sheet)
55
tertiary structure of protein
stronger interactions between the R groups on the chain, leads to final 3D shape
56
quaternary structure of protein
interaction between multiple chains to form a protein complex; not every protein has this
57
how do proteins denature?
this happens when proteins are exposed to extreme heat or pH. usually irreversable like the acid in the stomach to digest food
58
what is a nucleotide?
pentose sugar; DNA- deoxyribose RNA- ribose phosphate group nitrogen containing base
59
what are the nitrogenous bases (DNA and RNA)?
A-T(DNA); A-U(RNA) and G-C
60
what is the structure and function of DNA?
DNA in cells holds code information to create proteins made by a pair of nucleotide chains with the nitrogenous bases projecting in
61
what is the structure of RNA?
single chain of nucleotides
62
what is mRNA?
messenger RNA
63
what is tRNA?
transfer RNA
64
what is rRNA?
ribosomal RNA

Anatomy and Physiology I (8 decks)

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