Chapter 14 Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What term is used instead of “youth sexual offender”?
A
“Sexual intrusive behavior”
2
Q
What qualifies as sexual assault in Canada?
A
Any nonconsensual sexual act, regardless of the relationship, for individuals aged 16 or older.
3
Q
What are the three levels of sexual assault?
A
- Sexual Assault
- Sexual Assault w/ Weapon or Bodily Harm
- Aggravated Sexual Assault
4
Q
What is the maximum sentence for sexual assault?
A
10 yrs (not common to get 10 tho)
5
Q
What’s the max sentence for sexual assault with a weapon or bodily harm? What is it?
A
->14yrs
->Perpetrator carries or threatens to use a weapon, includes imitation weapons
->Cause any type (usually mild) of bodily harm or threaten to
6
Q
What’s the max sentence for aggravated assault? What is it?
A
->Max is life in prison
-> Increase in severity
-> Includes wounding, maiming, disfiguring someone or endangers their life
-> Mya require surgery, many include an object or weapon to harm someone
7
Q
What is the Jordan Ruling?
A
- Rules for an accused to be tried within a reasonable time frame
- 30 months to be completed supreme court
- 18 for provincial to be completed
- Doesn’t apply if defendant is delaying the process
8
Q
What are the different types of sexual assault against youth and children?
A
- Luring via computer
- Sexual exploitation
- Sexual interference
- Invitation to sexual touching
- Making sexually explicit material available
9
Q
What is luring via computer (s. 764)?
A
Gaining trust online to manipulate minors into sexual behavior or threats.
10
Q
What is sexual exploitation?
A
Could be about trafficking, pimping young people out
11
Q
What is sexual interference?
A
Every person who for a sexual purpose touches directly or indirectly (w/ object) under the age of 16 yrs
12
Q
What is invitation to sexual touching?
A
Every person for a sexual purpose invites counsellor or incites a person under 16 yrs to touch (directly or indirectly) a part of the body
13
Q
What is making sexually explicit material available to a minor?
A
Any person who commits an offences by transmits, makes available, sells, or distributes sexual explicit material to a minor
EX. Send nudes and he send it to his friends
14
Q
What is the legal age of consent in Canada?
A
16 years (Raised from 14 on May 1, 2008)
15
Q
List 6 situations where consent is NOT valid.
A
- Someone else provides consent
- The person is incapable (unconscious, impaired, or sleeping)
- A person uses a position of trust, power, or authority
- A person disagrees by expression of words or conduct
- A person changes their mind
- Silence does NOT mean consent
16
Q
What are the different types of sexual offenders?
A
- Voyeurs
- Exhibitionists
- Rapists
- Pedophiles
- Child molesters (intra-familial and extra-familial)
- Beastiality
17
Q
What is a voyeur?
A
Someone who secretly watches others without their knowledge (e.g., with hidden cameras) for sexual gratification
18
Q
What is an exhibitionist?
A
Someone who gains sexual pleasure by exposing their genitals in public to strangers.
19
Q
Why isn’t “rape” in the Canadian Criminal Code?
A
It’s legally referred to as “sexual assault.”
20
Q
Who are pedophiles?
A
Individuals sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children.
21
Q
Difference between intra-familial and extra-familial child molesters?
A
Intra = within the family
Extra = outside the family (e.g., neighbor, coach)
22
Q
Is child molestation always about attraction?
A
No — often about power, control, and access.
(not necessarily attraction)
23
Q
What is bestiality?
A
Sexual abuse of animals.
24
Q
*What is grooming in the context of abuse?
A
A deliberate action to build trust with a child/family/vulnerable person to lower their inhibitions, often leading to sexual offences.
25
Is grooming illegal in Canada?
No, grooming itself is not illegal — but it often precedes sexual offences.
26
*Describe the grooming process
1. Opportunity
-> Access
-> Predators place themselves in place where they have access to potential victims
EX. Playground, parks, mall, social media
2. Victim Selection
->Target vulnerable people
EX. single mothers who need childcare, kids without many friends, kids always on social media
3. Recruitment
->Variety of methods
27
*What are the different methods of recruitment?
1. Affection
2. Assistance
3. Authority
4. Bribery
5. Playmate/Companion
6. Phonography
7. Threats/Weapons, Alcohol/ Drugd
28
What is the affection method in recruitment?
Fulfillment of young persons unmet needs (usually emotional)
Ex: "You're so pretty, I love spending time with you."
29
What is the assistance method?
Using a child's helpfulness.
Ex: "Can you help me find my dog?"
30
How is authority used in grooming?
Predators exploit a child’s tendency to obey adults.
31
What does bribery look like in recruitment?
Offering gifts, money, shelter, drugs, or tech in exchange for sexual activity.
32
What is the playmate/companion method?
Groomed child is encouraged to bring others into abusive situations.
33
How is pornography used in grooming?
Exposing victims to porn to convince them it’s normal for sex to happen between adults and children
34
What role do threats, weapons, or substances play in grooming?
Threatened with weapon or say they will cover the costs for drugs
35
Why is estimating prevalence of grooming difficult?
Most sexual crimes go unreported.
Up to 95% of adult victims do not report
36
What are some reasons people don't report?
- Do not feel it is important enough
- Fear revenge by perpetrator
- Too personal/shameful
- Do not want the hassle of the court/police process
- Sex offenders typically have multiple victims
- Much higher than captured by official records
37
How many randomly selected scenes in porn showed aggression (spanking, gagging, slapping)?
88.2%
48.7% contained verbal aggression
Targets (overwhelmingly female) most often showed pleasure or responded neutrally to the aggression
38
*Adolescent pornography consumption is significantly associated with:
->Stronger gender-stereotypical sexual beliefs (shifting our attitudes)
->Earlier sexual debut
->Increased casual sex behavior
->Increased sexual aggression both as perpetrators and victims
39
How is porn impacting children?
- 42% of kids between ages of 10-17 have seen porn online
- 2/3 of the times the exposure was unsolicited mostly the result of file sharing programs but in at least 1/3 of the cases, the children sought out the material”
- Pornography is likely to reach children at an earlier age and provides a skewed perspective about sexuality
- Ease of access, lack of barriers & lack of monitoring/supervision to help process “content” info
40
What is Non-Contact Offending/Internet Offending?
not meeting face to face so no actual physical contact
41
What are some risks of internet offending?
Hidden digital pathways
Use of fake personas
Multiple victims
Increasing addiction rates
42
How does digital content normalize violence?
Repeated exposure to violent sexual content may desensitize both youth and adults.
43
What makes cyber-grooming especially dangerous?
The anonymous nature of online spaces allows offenders to misrepresent age, gender, and identity.
44
Why is law enforcement challenged by cyber-grooming?
The lack of physical contact and hidden identities make detection and prosecution difficult.
45
How do online offenders exploit children?
They play on curiosity about sex and use manipulation to gain trust or initiate abuse.
46
Why is watching child pornography still harmful, even without contact?
It creates demand for content, driving the exploitation and abuse of children.
47
What are the different typologies of child molesters?
1. Fixated
2. Regressed
48
Describe aspects of a fixated child molester
-> Tend to have a primary sexual orientation towards children
-> Tend to choose male kids as their primary targets
-> High rates of recidivism
-> Quite emotionally immature, poor social skills, single
49
Describe aspects of a regressed child molester
-> Primary sexual orientation is towards adults
-> Those who tend to victimize children they have access to
-> Can be impulsive and typically linked to substance use and tend to feel remorse
50
What are the different online child abuser typologies?
1. Trader (those who produce and distribute ‘child pornography’)
2. Traveller (those who engage online and meets in person)
3. Trader/Traveller (those who engage in both)
- Crossover effect – online to contact offending
- Approximately 50% of online also engage in contact offending
51
What percentage of incarcerated sex offenders are female?
2-5%
52
Why might sexual abuse by females be underestimated?
Can disguise abuse through caregiving
More likely to target own children who may not disclose
Boys are frequent targets but less likely to disclose
53
Why might male victims not report abuse by a female?
They may believe or be told they were a “willing participant.”
54
What are the different typologies of female sex offenders?
1. Teacher/Lover
2. Male-Coerced
3. Male-Accompanied
4. Predisposed
55
What characterizes the Teacher/Lover type of female sex offender?
Typically has romantic feelings for the victim.
56
What characterizes the Male-Coerced type?
-> females are passive participants in sexual offending (typically in abusive relationship)
-> If you don’t participate then XYZ will happen
-> Initiated by partner
57
What characterizes the Male-Accompanied type?
Female is willing participant with their male partner
58
What characterizes the Predisposed type?
-> Women who have been victimized
-> Maybe they experienced abuse so have deviant sexual fantasies (linked to past abuse)
59
Characteristics of a solo female sex offender?
- Target male victim
- Victim not a relative
- Not a forced act
60
Characteristics of a co-offender female sex offender?
- Target female victim
- Victim a relative
- Often a forced act
61
What is Finkelhor’s Precondition Model used to explain?
The process and conditions (4) necessary for sexual abuse to occur.
62
*What are the 4 preconditions set in Finkelhor's model?
1. Individual must be motivated to sexually abuse (could be attraction, getting emotional needs met, power/control, poor coping)
2. The offender must lack internal inhibition (EX. I would never do that because it’s wrong/gross)
3. The offender must overcome external inhibition (EX. social backlash/what would people think of me, go to the playground)
4. The offender must overcome the child’s resistance (EX. Them saying no, running away, calling 911)
63
What does the Integrated Model consider in explaining sexual aggression?
->Looks at all components
->- Biological factors, childhood experiences
-> Sociocultural influences, situational events
64
What does the Evolutionary Theory suggest about sexual aggression?
It may be used as a mating strategy to enhance reproductive success.
65
What is a common issue among sexual offenders in terms of accountability?
Most deny or do not take full responsibility and often plead not guilty.
66
What are some key focus areas in sexual offender treatment programs?
Recognizing denial & cognitive distortions
Empathy training
Enhancing social skills
Treating substance use
Modifying deviant sexual interests
Relapse prevention
Self-regulation
67
What are cognitive distortions in this context?
Beliefs that justify or minimize deviant behavior.
68
What is empathy training?
Helping offenders understand the impact of their behavior—often includes writing an apology to the victim.
69
What types of social skills are targeted in treatment?
Anger control, self-esteem, and communication skills.
70
What is penile phallometry used for?
Measuring sexual arousal to neutral vs. deviant images using sensors.
71
What does self-regulation treatment focus on?
Understanding and managing motivation to offend.
72
Is youth sexual offender treatment effective?
Yes, when implemented properly with support.
73
Why is it wrong to say the offence “just happened”?
Because it is not isolated—it stems from patterns, beliefs, and choices that must be addressed to prevent reoffending
74
What are the 3 core components of youth sex offender treatment?
1. Education
a. about sex, healthy relationships etc.
2. Skill building/self-management
a. Making different choices to help decrease recidivism
3. Skill reinforcement/maintaining behaviors
a. Replace prevention
75
What is the goal of these components?
Promote self-awareness, empathy, and internal locus of control.
76
Can treatment address the offence before guilt is confirmed?
No—offence-specific treatment begins only after a guilty finding.
77
*What make youth/forensic treatment special?
All interventions are related back to the offence
78
What are the 4 stages of the offence cycle?
Pre-Offence
Coping & Maintenance
Offence
Post-Offence
79
*What is explored in the pre-offence stage?
Life events, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors leading up to the offence.
EX. moved around a lot, parents get divorced, death of family member
EX. Curious about sex
80
*What is explored in the coping and maintenance stage?
based on adverse experiences and it’s how we being to cope
- Sexualized coping
EX. I can’t stop thinking about sex, I’m watching porn, I’m master bating a lot
- Sexual obsessions
- Power over others
(Where we start to see the grooming)
81
What makes the offence stage challenging for treatment?
Youth may not take responsibility—this prevents progress.
Have to do a lot of challenging
82
*What questions are explored in the offence stage?
Who, What, Where, When, and How the offence occurred.
83
*What is explored in the post-offence cycle?
-Thoughts
EX. "hope I don’t get caught" or "S/he better not say anything"
-Feelings (maybe guilty?)
-Behaviors
EX. Laying low, always on social media to see if things posted, threatening
- Pretend Normal
EX. Brushing it under the rug and pretending that nothing has happened
84
What happens if the youth reoffends?
They return to stage 1: Pre-Offence Stage.
85
What are the two main parts of relapse prevention?
1. Offenders list emotional and situational risk factors that lead to fantasizing or offending (ie., watching children on playground, watching porn)
2. Offenders develop plans and coping strategies to avoid high-risk situations
86
What is the relapse sequence in a child molester?
1. Lifestyle imbalance
2. Feelings of deprivation
3. Urges/cravings
4. Apparently irrelevant decisions
EX. Go for a drive
5. High-risk situation
EX. Stopped at a playground
6. No coping → lapse (EX. fantasy about sex with child) → abstinence violation effect (EX. feels he has failed treatment) → relapse
OR
6. Coping → decreased relapse risk
87
What are key goals in relapse prevention?
->Reinforce coping/problem-solving skills
->Challenge beliefs and attitudes that could lead to relapse
->Reinforce clients self-efficacy
->Monitor the need for external controls if internal one's are failing
->*Informing the client’s probation officer about changes to risk
88
Is there consensus on the effectiveness of treatment?
No, but completing treatment is more effective than not.
89
Is incarceration a deterrent for sexual offending?
No
90
Why is it difficult to study treatment effectiveness?
Hard to conduct controlled studies
Many crimes go unreported
Sexual recidivism rates are low
91
What do meta-analyses show about treated vs. untreated offenders?
Treated offenders have lower recidivism rates.
92
Is treatment effective for both youth and adults?
Yes, similar effectiveness for both groups.
93
Are both institutional and community treatments effective?
Yes
94
Which therapeutic approach is most effective?
CBT
95
What kind of risk factors should treatment target?
Dynamic (changeable) risk factors.
96
What is a major challenge for treatment programs?
High drop out rates
