Chapter 14 Flashcards by Tinley Uyak

_________ immunity is routine protection present at birth.

Innate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ immunity develops through life as body is exposed to microbes or foreign material.

Adaptive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To microbes, human body is nutrient-rich, but interior of body is generally ________.

Sterile

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ stimulate production of _________ that bind and target them for destruction.

Antigens
Antibodies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Antibodies can also destroy infected _____ cells or _____ cells.

Host
Self

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What line of defense are barriers blocking entry?

First-Line Defenses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If invaders breach the first-line defenses, sensor systems detect. This includes _________ cells that use ___________________ (PRRs) to identify unique microbial components, as well as the _____________ found in blood and tissue fluid.

Sentinel
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Complement System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Innate effector actions destroy invaders:
- ___________ (___) secreted with viral infection.
- __________ engulf microbes or cell debris by phagocytosis.
-___________ is coordinated.
- ______ interferes with pathogen growth and enhances other immune responses.

Interferon (IFN)
Phagocytes
Inflammatory Response
Fever

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the term for tightly woven fibrous connective tissue?

Dermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the term for many layers of epithelial cells?

Epidermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Skin is (difficult/easy) for microbes to penetrate.

Difficult

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The outermost epidermis cells are dead and filled with ________.

Keratin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two advantages of keratin in epidermis cells?

Repels water and maintains dry environment.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ________ continually flakes off along with any attached microbes.

Epidermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mucous membranes include ________, _________, and _________ tracts.

Digestive
Respiratory
Genitourinary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mucous membranes are constantly bathed in _________ (for example, mucus).

Secretions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The two mechanical removal mechanisms of mucous membranes include:
- __________: rhythmic contractions of the intestines that move contents (and microbes) out.
- ___________: in the respiratory tract, cilia move mucous (and trapped microbes) upward toward the throat to be expelled or swallowed.

Peristalsis
Mucociliary Escalator

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Antimicrobial substance are part of the _____-line defense. These include:
- _______ accumulating on the skin from perspiration.
- _______ degrades peptidoglycan.
-________ form antimicrobials; break down hydrogen peroxide.
-________ and _______ bind iron.
-__________ (_____) are small proteins that damage microbial membranes, including _______ which form pores in microbial membranes.

First
Salt
Lysozyme
Peroxidases
Lactoferrin and Transferrin
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)
Defensins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___________ (______) promote competitive exclusion of pathogens by covering binding sites and consuming available nutrients.

Normal Microbiota (Flora)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normal Microbiota (Flora) produce _____ compounds.
Exampels:
Cutibacterium species degrades lipids and produces fatty acids.
E.coli synthesizes colicins in intestinal tract.
Lactobacillus in vagina produces low pH.

Toxic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disruption of normal microbiota (for example, antibiotic use) can predispose person to _________.

Infections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normal microbiota are essential to the development of the _______ system.

Immune

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All blood cells originate from _______________ located in the _________. Their development is stimulated by ______________ (___).

Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood cells are always found in normal blood, but their numbers increase during ________. Some reside in tissues permanently or temporarily.

Infections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three general categories of blood cells?

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Platelets White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes are all categories of __________.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

What is the main function of Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)?

Carry O2

_________ are derived from megakaryocytes and are involved in ________.

Platelets Clotting

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) are important in ________ defenses.

Host

___________ contain cytoplasmic granules and are named based on _________ properties.

Granulocytes Staining

_________ are granulocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria.

Neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs) is another term for what kind of granulocyte?

Neutrophils

The granules of _________ contain enzymes and antimicrobial substances.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils (decrease/increase) in number during infection.

Increase

___________ are granulocytes that fight parasitic worms and are also involved in allergic reactions.

Eosinophils

The granules of _________ contain antimicrobial substances and histaminase.

Eosinophils

___________ are granulocytes that are involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.

Basophils

The granules of ________ contain histamine.

Basophils

________ cells are similar to basophils, except they are found in tissues instead of the bloodstream.

Mast

_____________ comprise the Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)

Mononuclear Phagocytes

Mononuclear Phagocytes include ________, which circulate in the blood, and _______, which differentiate from monocytes once they migrate into tissues.

Monocytes Macrophages

Macrophages are ______ cells that are found in nearly all tissues and act as first responders to infection or injury.

Sentinel

________ cells are sentinel cells that function as "scouts."

Dendritic

Dendritic cells engulf material in tissues and bring it to cells of adaptive immune system for "________."

Inspection

T/F: Dendritic cells usually develop from monocytes.

True

Lymphocytes are responsible for _______ immunity.

Adaptive

________ and ______ are lymphocytes that are highly specific in recognition of antigen and generally reside in lymph nodes and lymphatic tissues.

B cells and T cells

_____________ (___) lack specificity, unlike B cells and T cells, and can help regulate immune responses, often by promoting inflammation.

Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)

__________ (____) are also part of the innate immune system and specialize in destroying virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization.

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Cell communication allows _________ response.

Coordination

__________ serve as "eyes" and "ears" of cell.

Surface Receptors

__________ usually span membrane and connect the outside to inside. Binding to specific _____ induces response.

Surface Receptors Ligand

__________ are "voices" of cell.

Cytokines

Which cell communication component can function at low concentrations and can have local, regional, or systematic effects?

Cytokines

What cell communication component is produced by cells and diffuses to other cells, in which it binds to matching receptors on target cells?

Cytokines

What is another term for Cytokines?

Ligands

____________ molecules allow cells to adhere to other cells.

Adhesion

One example of ____________ is endothelial cells can adhere to phagocytic cells, allowing them to exit the bloodstream.

Adhesion Molecules

What are the five types of Cytokines?

Chemokines Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs) Interferons (IFNs) Interleukins (ILs) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Which type of cytokine guides the movement (chemotaxis) of immune cells to the site of injury?

Chemokines

Which type of cytokine stimulates the multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

Which type of cytokine helps control viral infections and regulates immune responses?

Interferons (IFNs)

Which type of cytokine is produced by leukocytes and plays roles in both innate and adaptive immunity?

Interleukins (ILs)

Which type of cytokine is involved in inflammation and can trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death)?

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Group of cytokines often act _________ or in ________ to generate a response. The biggest example of this is ___________ cytokines.

Together Sequence Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

_____________ detect signs of microbial invasion and trigger cytokine release to alert and activate the immune system.

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

What are the three components that Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize?

MAMPs PAMPs DAMPs

What does MAMPs stand for?

Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns

Components of Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns include: 1. _________ Parts: Peptidoglycan, Lipoteichoic Acid, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Lipoproteins. 2. _________ (Bacterial) 3. Microbial ______ or ______.

Cell Wall Parts Flagellin DNA or RNA

What does PAMPs stand for?

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

PAMPs are essentially the same as MAMPs, but associated with _______ specifically.

Pathogens

What does DAMPs stand for?

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns

DAMPs come from ______ cells, not microbes. They signal tissue ______ or ______.

Damaged Host Injury or Stress

The Interferon Response: Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) detect viral ______ and cell produces _________, which causes the neighboring cells to express ___________ (_____). These are activated by viral _______.

RNA Interferon Inactive Antiviral Proteins (iAVPs) dsRNA

Inactive Antiviral Proteins prevent the virus from replicating by degrading ______, stopping _____________, and may trigger ________.

mRNA Protein Synthesis Apoptosis

The ____________ "complements" activities of adaptive immune system.

Complement System

The complement system is made up of ________ found in _____ and _____ fluids. What is the name of these proteins?

Proteins Blood Tissue Fluids Named C1 to C9.

T/F: Proteins of the complement system are named from C1 to C9, and some can split into active fragments (C3 = C3a + C3b).

True

The complement system is activated by _____ different pathways that all lead to the formation of C3 ___________, which splits C3.

Three C3 Convertase

_________ prevents host cells from activating complement system, as it can damage host (self) cells if not controlled.

Regulation

T/F: Regulation ensures that only invaders are targeted, not your own tissues.

True

Regulation Pathway: Host cells have special ___________ that bind ____________. These inactivate ______ (a key complement fragment), block _________ of host cells, and prevent activation of the _______ pathway on host surfaces.

Surface Molecules Regulatory Proteins C3b Opsonization Alternative

__________ is the process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Opsonization

__________ is an antibody or complement protein that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen

Opsonin

___________ engulf and digest material and pathogens.

Phagocytes

In the process of _________, phagocytes are recruited by chemoattractants (microbial products, phospholipids from injured cells, chemokines, C5a)

Chemotaxis

In direct recognition and attachment, receptors on phagocyte bind to _______ on microbes. In indirect recognition and attachment, they bind to ________ that "tag" microbes.

Mannose Opsonins

Phagocytes extend ___________ to enclose material, forming a _________.

Pseudopods Phagosome

______ help direct the process of phagosome maturation and phagolysosome formation.

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

When a phagosome fuses with a lysosome, it forms a _____________.

Phagolysosome

Phagocytes: Destruction and Digestion -____________ like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide produced. -________ and _______ break down pathogen. -____________ damage microbial membranes. -___________ binds iron (starving bacteria).

Toxic Compounds Low pH and Enzymes Antimicrobial Peptides Lactoferrin

In the process of ________ in phagocytes, debris is released when the residual body fuses with the cytoplasmic membrane.

Exocytosis

Infection or tissue damage results in ___________.

Inflammation

The purpose of inflammation is to ______ site of damage, _________ response, ________ invader, and _______ tissue function.

Contain Localize Eliminate Restore

In the inflammatory response, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize ______ and ______, which trigger the release of _______________ (e.g. cytokines, histamine). _________ triggers liver to make ________ proteins, which activate complement.

MAMPs and DAMPs Inflammatory Mediators Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNF) Acute-Phase

Blood vessel damage triggers _______________ (clotting) and increased ____________ (to let immune cells in).

Coagulation Cascade Increased Vessel Permeability

The inflammatory process involves sequence of events, including _______ of small blood vessels, migration of _________ from bloodstream to tissues, ________ factors wall off site of infection, and tissue debris/dead neutrophils accumulate as _____.

Dilation Migration Clotting Pus

________ inflammation is short term, mainly neutrophils; macrophages clean up damage by ingesting dead cells and debris.

Acute

If acute inflammation fails, ______ inflammation results; macrophages, giant cells accumulate, and granulomas form.

Chronic

Damaging effects of inflammation include the release of ______ and _____ compounds from phagocytic cells, which damages tissues.

Enzymes Toxic

Damaging effects of inflammation are usually minimal, but in delicate systems (for example, membranes surrounding _____ and __________) it can be severe and even life threatening.

Brain Spinal Cord

__________ is traumatic cell death due to damage.

Necrosis

What are the two categories of self destruction of host cells?

Apoptosis Pyroptosis

_________ is programmed cell death that does not trigger inflammatory response.

Apoptosis

_________ occurs when pathogen recognition receptors in a macrophage trigger an inflammatory response that sacrifices infected cells.

Pyroptosis

Fever is indicator of infection, especially (bacterial/viral).

Bacterial

The temperature regulation center in brain normally holds at ___ degrees Celsius, but raises during infection in response to _________.

37 Pyrogens

Oral temperature above ___ degrees Celsius regarded as fever.

37.8

Pyrogens that induce fever may be made by _______ or by the _______.

Microbes Body

Growth rates of bacteria optimized for 37 degrees Celsius typically drop sharply above optimum, which allows more time for _______.

Defenses

Moderate temperature rise (during fever) increases rate of ________.

Enzymes

T/F: The increased rate of enzymes during a moderate temperature rise of a fever enhances inflammatory response, phagocytic activity, multiplication of lymphocytes, release of attractants for neutrophils, production of interferons and antibodies, and release of leukocytes from bone marrow.

True

Chapter 14 Flashcards

(112 cards)