Chapter 15 Flashcards by Tinley Uyak

__________ once killed many infants and small children.

Diphtheria

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Adaptive immunity develops the most _______ means to eliminate invader.

Effective

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__________ recognize foreign material and proliferate, leading to adaptive immunity. It takes a week or more to build following first exposure.

Lymphocytes

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What are the three characteristics that adaptive immunity is based on?

Molecular Specificity
Memory
Tolerance

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__________ must distinguish between “healthy self” and “dangerous.”

Tolerance

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The first response to antigen is known as the ________ response.

Primary

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The adaptive immune system “_________” the mechanism that proved effective against that specific antigen. Stronger __________ responses result with later exposure.

Remembers
Secondary

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What are the two basic strategies for eliminating foreign materials in the body?

Humoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)

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Which type of immunity targets extracellular antigens in the bloodstream and tissue fluids (e.g. bacteria, toxins, free viruses)?

Humoral Immunity

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Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells, which differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells?

Humoral Immunity

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Which type of immunity targets antigens residing within host cells (e.g. virus-infected cells, tumor cells, some intracellular bacteria)?

Cell-Mediated Immunity

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Which type of immunity is mediated by T cells (T lymphocytes), including both Cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells?

Cell-Mediated Immunity

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________ response is slower and smaller as it establishes immunological memory. _________ response upon re-exposure is faster, larger, and more effective thanks to memory B and T cells.

Primary
Secondary

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Which lymphocyte has never encountered the antigen and cannot react until it receives confirming signals?

Naive Lymphocyte

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Which lymphocyte has received confirming signals and then proliferates and differentiates into effector and memory cells?

Active Lymphocyte

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__________ lymphocytes are short lived and carry out the primary response.

Effector

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___________ lymphocytes are long-lived and are activated more quickly to provide a secondary response.

Memory

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In humoral immunity, activated B cells differentiate into _______ cells in response to extracellular antigens.

Plasma

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Key Points of Humoral Immunity:
1. B Cell Activation
- A naive B-cell binds to its specific extracellular antigen. To become fully activated, the B cell also requires “help” from a helper T cell (via cytokines and co-stimulatory interactions).
2. Differentiation into Plasma Cells
- Once activated, B cells proliferate and differentiate into ______ cells. These are antibody-factories, secreting large amounts of Y-shaped immunoglobulins (antibodies).

Plasma

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On the structure of antibodies, “______” bind to antigens with high degree of specificity. Stem is a “red flag” marking bound antigen for __________.

Arms
Elimination

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______________ (____) recognizes antigen by membrane bound antibody and must receive T cell signal to proliferate.

B-Cell Receptor (BCR)

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Some B cells form long-lived ________ B cells that respond quickly if antigen encountered again.

Memory

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In Cell-Mediated Immunity, Cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells differ in ________ proteins, called __________.

Surface
CD Markers

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A _________ T cell destroys “corrupt” host cells while a _________ T cell directs/assists adaptive immune response by providing cytokines and co-stimulatory signals.

Cytotoxic
Helper

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Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells must be __________ before they can multiply. Which cells are responsible for this activation?

Activated Dendritic

Both T cells (Cytotoxic and Helper) express T-cell receptors (TCRs), which are analogous in function to _______________.

B-Cell Receptors

T cell receptors and B cell receptors are analogous in function, however TCRs cannot recognize free ________. It must be presented by the body's own cells.

Antigens

In Cell Mediated Immunity, T cells proliferate and differentiate once activated. This forms ________ helper T cells and _______ cytotoxic T cells.

Effector Effector

T/F: Both effector helper T cells and effector cytotoxic T cells can form memory cells.

True

Cytotoxic T cells respond to (intracellular/extracellular) antigens and induce cell to undergo _________.

Intracellular Apoptosis

Which type of T cell stops immune system from overreacting and responding to harmless substances?

Regulatory T cells

Helper T cells activate __ cells and __________. They produce _________ to direct and support other cells, including other T cells.

B Cells Macrophages Cytokines

BCR is specific _______ the B cell is programmed to make, while the TCR does not recognize free _______ (must be presented by body's own cells)

Antibody Antigen

Which system is a collection of tissues and organs that functions to bring populations of lymphocytes into contact with antigens?

Lymphatic System

T/F: The Lymphatic System is important because each lymphocyte is specific to only one or a few antigens.

True

Lymphatic vessels carry ________, which come from the primary and secondary lymphatic organs.

Lymphs

In the lymphatic system, some fluid from blood flowing through capillaries is pushed out to join tissue fluid. Some re-enters capillaries, but some enters lymphatic _________.

Vessels

Lymph contains _______ from tissues. It flows through _____________ before emptying back into the circulatory system. Inflammatory response causes more fluid to enter tissues, which increases amount of antigen-containing fluids entering lymphatic system.

Antigens Lymph Nodes

_________ describes a molecule that reacts specifically with an antibody, a B-cell receptor, or a T-cell receptor.

Antigen

T-(dependent/independent) antigens are primarily proteins and require Helper T cell confirmation for B-cell activation.

Dependent

T-(dependent/independent) antigens are often molecules with repeating subunits (e.g. lipopolysaccharides) and can activate B cells without help from Helper T cells.

Independent

Antigen that elicits immune response is ______________.

Immunogenic

__________ are usually more immunogenic than lipids or nucleic acids. Small molecules usually (are/are not) immunogenic.

Proteins Are Not

Antigens are generally large molecules, but adaptive immune system recognizes distinct regions of the molecule called _______, or antigenic determinants.

Epitopes

Epitopes of macromolecules may be stretches of 10 or so _________ or distinct 3D shape.

Amino Acids

T/F: Bacterial cells possess an enormous number of different epitopes.

True

What is another name for antibody?

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins with two general parts: -Two identical arms (___________) bind antigen. - Stem (________)

Fab Region Fc Region

Antibodies have a basic Y-shape known as antibody _________, in which there are two copies of ______ and ______ chains.

Monomer Heavy Light

What type of bond joins heavy, light chains, and two halves on an antibody?

Disulfide Bond

T/F: The fork of the Y-shaped antibody is a non-flexible region.

False, it is flexible.

How many domains do heavy vs. light chains have on the structure of an antibody?

Light chains have two, while heavy chains usually have four.

Protective Outcomes of Antibody-Antigen Binding: -__________ blocks toxins and viruses from attaching/entering host cells. -__________ occurs when antibodies coat pathogens, making them easier for phagocytes (like macrophages) to recognize and engulf. - Activation of the ___________ is the classical pathway. - _________ and ________ of Attachment by binding to structures like flagella/pili to prevent movement of bacteria. - ______-________: Two arms of antibody bind two different identical antigens, forming clump for easier clearance. - ____________: Antibodies tag infected or abnormal cells, allowing natural killer cells to recognize/destroy them.

Neutralization Opsonization Complement System Immobilization and Inhibition Cross-Linking Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

What are the five major classes of immunoglobulins/antibodies?

IgM, IgA, IgG, IgD, IgE

T/F: All antibodies share the same basic monomeric Y-shaped structure (two heavy and two light chains), but the constant region of the heavy chain differs between classes, leading to the distinct functions and properties of each.

True

Which class of immunoglobulin is the first class produced during the primary response?

IgM

IgM makes up what percent of circulating antibodies?

5 to 13%

Which class of immunoglobulin is the principal class produced in response to some T-independent antigens?

IgM

How many monomeric subunits make up IgM? What is this called, and how many antigen-binding sites does it have? This allows it to _________ very effectively.

5 Monomeric Subunits Pentamer 10 Antigen-Binding Sites Aggregate

The large size of IgM prevents it from crossing from __________ to __________, meaning that it has a primary role in __________ infections.

Bloodstream to Tissues Bloodstream Infections

What class of immunoglobulin is the most efficient class in triggering classical pathway of complement system?

IgM

IgG makes up __-__% of total serum immunoglobulin.

80-85%

Which class of immunoglobulin provides the longest-term protection with a half life of 21 days?

IgG

Which class of immunoglobulin is generally the first and most abundant circulating class produced during secondary response?

IgG

T/F: IgG exits bloodstream to enter tissues.

True

Which class of immunoglobulin protects via neutralization, aggregation, opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

IgG

Which class of immunoglobulin is transported across placenta to fetus's bloodstream to protect fetus and newborn?

IgG

T/F: IgG in fetus/newborn degrades gradually over the first year period as the infant begins producing its own antibodies.

False, over a 6 month period.

IgG is found in _________ (first breast milk) and absorbed by newborn's ___________ tract.

Colostrum Intestinal

Which class of immunoglobulin is important in mucosal immunity in the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts and is present in saliva, tears, mucus, and breast milk?

IgA

Most IgA is in the form of a _______ known as secretory IgA (sIgA).

Dimer

Which class of immunoglobulin is the most abundantly produced immunoglobulin class overall due to its dominance in mucosal tissue?

IgA

Which class of immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to infants through breast milk and protects them from intestinal infections?

IgA

Which class of immunoglobulin plays a key role in protecting mucosal surfaces by neutralizing toxins and viruses and blocking microbial adherence to epithelial cells?

IgA

Which class of immunoglobulins makes up less than 1% of serum immunoglobulins and has no clear function in serum?

IgD

Which class of immunoglobulins is involved with the development and maturation of antibody response?

IgD

Which class of immunoglobulin is barely detectable in the bloodstream as most is bound by its Fc region to mast cells and basophils, which allows these cells to sense and respond to antigens?

IgE

Which class of immunoglobulin plays a critical role in the elimination of parasitic worms?

IgE

Which class of immunoglobulin is involved in hypersensitivity (allergic reactions), as it responds inappropriately to harmless substances?

IgE

When an antigen binds to and cross-links two adjacent _____ molecules on a mast cell or basophil, the cell releases histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

IgE

In the process of humoral immunity through B-cell activation by T-dependent antigens, the B-cell receptor binds to __________, which is then internalized via endocytosis and degraded into _______ fragments. These fragments are presented on the surface by MHC Class II molecules to Th cells for inspection. Two Outcomes: - If T-cell receptor binds/recognizes fragment, T cell activates B cell with cytokines and initiates _______________. - If no Th cells recognize fragment, B cell may become _______ (unresponsive to future exposure of antigen). Avoids self-attacking.

Antigen Peptide Clonal Expansion Anergic

How many days does it take for significant antibody accumulation after first exposure to antigen?

10 to 14 days

T/F: In the 10 to 14 days after first exposure to antigen, the person may experience signs and symptoms of infection, although the immune system is actively responding.

True

In the primary response, individual plasma cells undergo _________ after a few days. However, as long as the antigen is present, activated B cells continue proliferating and differentiating so antibody concentration steadily __________.

Apoptosis Increases

T/F: Occurring during the primary response, B cells get better at binding to the antigen over time due to mutations in antibody genes.

True

T/F: Initially in the primary response, B cells produce IgM antibodies, but can switch to making other antibody classes with signals from T-cells (like cytokines), which enhances the functionality of the immune response.

True

Secondary response mediated by _________ cells.

Memory

On each T cell, there is (single/multiple) identical T cell receptors.

Multiple

A T cell receptor is made of two ___________ chains, either alpha & beta or gamma & delta, with each having a _________ and a _________ region. Structurally, this is similar to one "arm" of an _________.

Polypeptide Chains Variable Constant B cell receptor

T cell receptors (do/do not) interact with free antigens. The antigen must be presented by another cell.

Do Not

As T cell receptors do not interact with free antigens, they must be held in the ___________ (___) and presented by another cell.

Major Hist-Compatability Complex (MHC) Molecules

There are two types of MHC molecules: MHC Class I presents (endogenous/exogenous) molecules, while MHC Class II presents (endogenous/exogenous) molecules.

Endogenous Exogenous

Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigen present on (MHC Class I/MHC Class II) molecules, which are (endogenous/exogenous). Helper T cells recognize antigen present on (MHC Class I/MHC Class II) molecules, which are (endogenous/exogenous).

MHC Class I Endogenous MHC Class II Exogenous

T cells have clusters of differentiation markers. Cytotoxic T cells have (CD4/CD8) markers, while Helper T cells have (CD4/CD8) markers.

CD8 CD4

In humans, the genes that code for MHC molecules are called _______________ (_____). These genes are both polygenic and polymorphic.

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs)

_________ cells play a crucial role in activation of T cells. They gather materials via _________ and ________. They have toll-like receptors (TLRs) to detect pathogens. If pathogens detected, they take up more material. Travel to secondary lymph organs (i.e. lymph node) and produce _______________ molecules that signal "danger." They present these antigens to both MHC class I and II. T cell is activated by dendritic cell with co-stimulatory molecule, and becomes anergic without it.

Dendritic Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis Co-Stimulatory Molcules

__________ cells induce apoptosis in antibody bound "self" cells.

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Natural Killer (NK) cells bind and deliver _________ and _______ containing granules to cell, initiating apoptosis.

Perforin and Protease

Chapter 15 Flashcards

(98 cards)