Chapter 16

Question 1

Weaknesses or defects in immunity leave people vulnerable to invasion, these individuals are ____________.

Answer 1

Immunocompromised

Question 2

Research underway to study microbiota using __________, or analysis of DNA.

Answer 2

Metagenomics

Question 3

__________ is imbalance in the microbiome related to some disease states.

Answer 3

Dysbiosis

Question 4

The basis of ______ hypothesis is that insufficient exposure to microbes leads to allergies.

Answer 4

Hygiene

Question 5

The human microbiome aids in ______, breaks down _______, and increases ________.

Answer 5

Digestion
Fiber
Nutrients

Question 6

___________ pathogen is a microbe or virus that causes disease in an otherwise healthy individual (e.g. plague, malaria, measles, influenza, diphtheria, tetanus, and tuberculosis).

Answer 6

Primary

Question 7

____________ pathogen causes disease only when body’s immune defenses are compromised or introduced into unusual location.

Answer 7

Opportunistic

Question 8

____________ refers to degree of pathogenicity.

Answer 8

Virulence

Question 9

________________ allow microorganism to cause disease.

Answer 9

Virulence Factors

Question 10

____________ or contagious diseases easily spread from one host to another.

Answer 10

Communicable

Question 11

_____________ is the number of microbes necessary to establish infection.

Answer 11

Infectious Dose

Question 12

The three stages of the progression of infectious disease are _________, ___________, and __________.

Answer 12

Incubation Period
Illness
Convalescence

Question 13

____________ is recuperation or recovery from disease stage.

Answer 13

Convalescence

Question 14

_________ is time between infection and onset stage, this time varies considerably.

Answer 14

Incubation Period

Question 15

___________ is the signs and symptoms of disease stage, and may be preceded by prodromal phase (vague symptoms).

Answer 15

Prodromal

Question 16

_________ may harbor and spread infectious agent for long periods of time in absence or signs or symptoms. .

Answer 16

Carriers

Question 17

In __________ infections, symptoms develop quickly and last a short time period (strep throat).

Answer 17

Acute

Question 18

In ________ infections, symptoms develop slowly and last for months or years (tuberculosis).

Answer 18

Chronic

Question 19

_______ infections are never completely eliminated as the microbe exists in tissues without causing symptoms.

Answer 19

Latent

Question 20

_________ infection is when the microbe is limited to a small area.

Answer 20

Localized

Question 21

__________ infection occurs when the agent spread throughout the whole body.

Answer 21

Systematic

Question 22

___________ means bacteria circulating in the blood.

Answer 22

Bacteremia

Question 23

__________ means toxins circulating in the blood.

Answer 23

Toxemia

Question 24

_________ means viruses circulating in the blood.

Answer 24

Viremia

Question 25

Pathogens and host generally evolve toward ________ pathogenicity.

Answer 25

Balanced

Question 26

________ attach to host cell receptor.

Answer 26

Adhesions

Question 27

While establishing infection, microbe may produce __________ to bind iron that compete with lactoferrin and transferrin of host.

Answer 27

Siderophores

Question 28

While establishing infection, microbes must avoid ____________ as it blocks adhesion. To evade this, they rapidly shed and replace pili and changing surface structures (antigenic variation).

Answer 28

secretory IgA (in mucosal membranes)

Question 29

Damage to the host can be ______ (toxins produced) or _______ (immune response).

Answer 29

Direct Indirect

Question 30

___________ are proteins secreted by bacteria or released upon bacterial lysis.

Answer 30

Exotoxins

Question 31

The three categories of exotoxins by their structure of mechanisms of action include _______, _________, and _________.

Answer 31

A-B Toxins Membrane-Damaging Toxins Superantigens

Question 32

In A-B Toxins, the A (active) subunit is ________ and usually an ________. The B subunit binds to ______ and determines cell type to be _________.

Answer 32

Active Enzyme Cell Infected

Question 33

________________ are cytotoxins that disrupt eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes and lyse cells.

Answer 33

Membrane-Damaging Toxins

Question 34

_____________ stimulate high number of Helper T cells, causing "cytokine storm."

Answer 34

Superantigens

Question 35

___________ is a toxin from other bacterial cell wall components, specifically lipopolysaccharide found in outer membrane of gram negative cell wall, contains lipid A.

Answer 35

Endotoxin

Question 36

Viruses avoid antibodies by moving cell to celll or causing cell fusion, forming multinucleate __________.

Answer 36

Syncytium