chapter 14

Question 1

avoiding sinking

Answer 1

may increase buoyancy
use of gas containers: rigid gas containers, swim bladders
ability to float: some zooplankton produce oils
nekton can swim

Question 2

Zooplankton: copepods

Answer 2

most abundant and widespread

Question 3

Zooplankton: Krill

Answer 3

Resemble mini shrimp

abundant near antarctica

Question 4

macroscopic zooplankton

Answer 4

cnidarians:
hydrozoan (portuguese man of war) gas filled float. related to coral polyps
Scyphozoan (Jellyfish) soft low density bodies. often have stinging cells

Question 5

nekton

Answer 5

swimming organisms
swim by trapping water and expelling it(squid, octopi)
swim by curving body front to back (most fish/mammals)
Swim by manipulating fins (Turtles penguins)

Question 6

fins: paired vertical fins for?

Answer 6

stablilizers

Question 7

Paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins for?

Answer 7

steering and balance

Question 8

Tail fin (Caudal) for?

Answer 8

thrust

Question 9

rounded caudal fins

Answer 9

flexible
maneuver at slow speeds
sharp turns

Question 10

Truncate fins and forked fins

Answer 10

(Truncate squarish at end) useful for maneuvering and thrust

Question 11

lunate fins

Answer 11

kind of like forked.
rigid, little maneuverability
efficient propulsion for fast swimmers

Question 12

heterocercal fins

Answer 12

asymmetrical
lift for buoyancy
shark

Question 13

Lungers

Answer 13

wait for prey and pounce
grouper
mainly white muscle

Question 14

cruisers

Answer 14

actively seek prey
tuna
mostly red muscle

Question 15

white muscle

Answer 15

fast muscle

less efficient by much more tension (rubber band) for faster movement

Question 16

red muscle

Answer 16

good for long sustained swimming

Question 17

poikilothermic

Answer 17

cold blooded
bodies same temp as enviro
not fast swimmers

Question 18

homeothermic

Answer 18

warm blooded
found in warmer and cooler enviros and can move efficiently and quickly in cold enviros
helps capture prey

Question 19

deep water nekton adaptations

Answer 19

bioluminescence: photophores
large sensitive eyes
large sharp teeth
expandable bodies
hinged jaws
counterillumination

Question 20

deep water nekton

Answer 20

mainly fish that consume detritus or each other

lack of abundant food

Question 21

avoiding predation

Answer 21

schooling
symbiosis
commensalism
mutualism
parasitism
speed
poisons
mimicry
transparency
camo
countershading

Question 22

symbiosis

Answer 22

2 or more organisms mutually benefit from association

Question 23

commensalism

Answer 23

less dominant organism benefits without harming host

Question 24

mutualism

Answer 24

both organisms benefit

ex) clownfish anemone

Question 25

parasitism

Answer 25

parasite benefits at expense of its host

Question 26

marine mammals

Answer 26

``` warm blooded breathe air hair/fur bear live young mammary glands ```

Question 27

marine mammal orders

Answer 27

carnivora sirenia cetacea

Question 28

carnivora

Answer 28

prominent canine teeth | sea otters, polar bears, pinnipeds (walruses, seals, sea lions, fur seals)

Question 29

seal vs sea lions vs fur seals

Answer 29

``` seals lack prominent ear flaps seals have smaller front flippers seals have fore flipper claws different hip structures different locomotion strategies ```

Question 30

sirenia

Answer 30

herbivores manatees- coastal areas of tropical atlantic ocean dugongs- coastal areas of indian and western pacific oceans

Question 31

cetacea

Answer 31

``` whales dolphins porpoises elongated skull blowholes on top of skull few hairs fluke- horizontal tail fin for vertical propulsion ```

Question 32

cetacea: adaptations to increase swimming speed:

Answer 32

streamlined bodies | specialized skin structure (80% water, Stiff inner layer, narrow canals with spongy material

Question 33

cetacea adaptations for deep diving

Answer 33

use oxygen efficiently: can absorb 90% oxygen inhaled, can store large quantities of O2 and can reduce O2 required for noncritical organs muscles insensitive to buildup of CO2 collapsible lungs

Question 34

order cetacea: suborder odontoceti

Answer 34

toothed dolphins porpoises killer whale sperm whale echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects

Question 35

Dolphins vs. Porpoises | body shape

Answer 35

porpoises: smaller more stout dolphins: larger more streamlined

Question 36

Dolphins vs. Porpoises | nose

Answer 36

porpoises: blunt snout dolphins: longer rostrum

Question 37

Dolphins vs. Porpoises | fin

Answer 37

porpoises: triangular smaller dorsal fin dolphins: falcate dorsal fin (hooked)

Question 38

Dolphins vs. Porpoises | teeth

Answer 38

porpoises: blunt or flat teeth Dolphins: pointy teeth like killer whales (orca)

Question 39

echolocation

Answer 39

mammals emit clicks of different pitches low frequency- great distance high frequency- closer range

Question 40

order cetacea: suborder mysticeti

Answer 40

baleen whales blue whale gray whale right whale fibrous plates of baleen sieve prey items vocalized sounds for various purposes

Question 41

gray whale migration

Answer 41

feeding grounds in arctic (summer) | breeding and birthing grounds in tropical eastern pacific (winter)