chapter 14 building the crust with rocks

Question 1

our success as a species is directly linked to

Answer 1

earths rocks

Question 2

about ____ years ago early hominids began chipping and grinding rocks into tools

Answer 2

2.6 million

Question 3

mineral

Answer 3

a naturally occurring, crystalline, solid chemical element or compound with a uniform chemical composition, minerals are abiogenic - not made by organisms

Question 4

rock

Answer 4

a solid mass composed of one or more types of minerals

Question 5

crystallization

Answer 5

the process in which atoms or molecules come together in an orderly patterned structure

Question 6

four mineral classes

Answer 6

silicates
oxides
sulfides
sulfates

Question 7

silicate minerals are formed by the combination of ____ and ____

Answer 7

silicon and oxygen

Question 8

halides

Answer 8

basically different types of salts that are relatively soft

Question 9

oxides

Answer 9

gives many rocks a reddish color (rust)

Question 10

sulfides

Answer 10

makes pyrite which is also known as fools gold

Question 11

carbonates

Answer 11

often bonds sand grains together

Question 12

sediments

Answer 12

accumulations of small fragments of rock and organic material that are not cemented together

Question 13

outcrops

Answer 13

exposed areas of bedrock

Question 14

igneous rocks

Answer 14

form when magma or lava solidifies

Question 15

sedimentary rock

Answer 15

form through cementation and compaction of sediments

Question 16

metamorphic rock

Answer 16

form by heat and pressure applied to preexisting rocks

Question 17

rock cycle(definition)

Answer 17

model of the processes by which rocks form, are transformed from one type to another and are recycled into the mantle

Question 18

lithification

Answer 18

the transformation into rock

Question 19

decompression vs flux melting

Answer 19

decompression- melting of hot mantle material into magma as a result of pressure changes
flux- subducted water causes mantle material to melt by lowering its melting point

Question 20

extrusive vs intrusive igneous rock

Answer 20

extrusive- rock that cooled from lava on crusts surface

intrusive- rock that cooled from magma deep underground

Question 21

batholith

Answer 21

body of intrusive igneous rock hundreds of kilometers in extent

Question 22

pluton

Answer 22

igneous rock mass no more than a few tens of kilometers in diameter

Question 23

sill

Answer 23

flat sheet of igneous rock that has cooled from magma from layers of preexisting rock

Question 24

dike

Answer 24

vertical sheet of igneous rock

Question 25

laccolith

Answer 25

shallow dome shaped igneous rock body

Question 26

types of igneous rock

Answer 26

phaneritic- coarse grained rocks with large crystals that formed slowly deep in the crust aphanitic- rocks that cool more quickly closer to the surface glassy- no orderly crystalline arrangement of atoms because they cool at the surface

Question 27

sedimentary rock groups

Answer 27

clastic- composed of broken pieces of other rocks organic- composed of organic material derived from ancient organisms or their shells chemical- formed as dissolved minerals precipitate out and as water evaporates from sedimentary deposits

Question 28

shale

Answer 28

a clastic sedimentary rock formed from clay sized particles

Question 29

sandstone

Answer 29

a clastic sedimentary rock composed chiefly of quartz sand grains

Question 30

limestone

Answer 30

either a chemical sedimentary rock or an organic sedimentary

Question 31

coal

Answer 31

organic sedimentary rock formed from peat

Question 32

peat

Answer 32

heavy soil found in wetlands made up of the partially decomposed remains of plants

Question 33

evaporite

Answer 33

a deposit of one or more minerals resulting from the repeated evaporation of water from a basin

Question 34

fossils

Answer 34

the remains or impressions of organisms preserved in sedimentary rock

Question 35

protolith

Answer 35

the og rock

Question 36

contact vs regional metamorphism

Answer 36

contact- occurs when rock comes into contact with and is heated by magma regional- where the crust is being compressed, such as in a collision zone between two convergent continental plates

Question 37

fracking

Answer 37

the procedure in which water, sand, and chemicals are pumped under high pressure into shale bedrock to extract natural gas and petroleum trapped in the pores of the shale