1. Cerebral cortex - gray matter only; cell bodies 2. White matter - deep to the cerebral cortex; mainly myelinated axons 3. basal nuclei - gray matter embedded in white matter

Chapter 14 - Continued Flashcards by Laura Fritsky

Regions of Cerebrum

Cerebral cortex - gray matter only; cell bodies
White matter - deep to the cerebral cortex; mainly myelinated axons
basal nuclei - gray matter embedded in white matter

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Cerebral cortex (Cerebrum)

Function:

conscious mind - perceptions (awareness of sensations);
understanding
voluntary movements

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Cerebral cortex (characteristics)

100 % of all neurons are interneurons; contralateral & lateralization;

about 1/2 of cerebrum forms cerebral cortex
1/8 inch thin

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contralateral

opposite side - i.e. left side of brain controls right side of body

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lateralization

specialization of certain functions to one side of the brain–both sides of brain don’t do same thing;
i.e. left hemisphere - speech & language (for most people-right handed-this is the dominant hemisphere)

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White matter (in cerebrum)

myelinated tracts; communication lines;
1. commissural fibers
2. association fibers
3. projection fibers
fibers = axons

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Commissural fibers

axons in white matter that connect left & right cerebral hemispheres; horizontal fibers

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Association fibers

axons in white matter that connect different regions of same cerebral hemispheres; horizontal fibers

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Projection fibers

axons in white matter that connect the cerebrum w/other parts of the CNS; vertical fibers; cross over @ medulla

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Basal nuclei (def’n & function)

clusters of cell bodies embedded in white matter;
function: motor control - ability to start, stop & monitor a movement (if this doesn’t work-Parkinson’s–tremors, jerkiness); if substantial nigra isn’t working & making dopamine, the basal nuclei doesn’t work

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Function brain systems (involve more than 1 part of the brain)

Limbic system

2. Reticular formation

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Limbic system (& function)

part of functional brain system; involves part of cerebrum & part of diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus);
function: emotional brain

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Reticular formation (& function)

part of functional brain system; involves mainly brain stem but sends AP throughout brain to keep it alert;
function: waken up the brain–axons send out excitatory AP to waken brain to consciousness; (if this part of brain doesn’t work=coma)

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12 pairs of cranial nerves; originate from the brain (order)

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All cranial nerves are mixed nerves but

I - Olfactory
II - Optic
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
which are sensory only

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10 cranial nerves exit out of the brain stem

III - XII

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Order of Cranial Nerves

I - Olfactory (sensory only)
II - Optic (sensory only)
III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - Abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Vestibulocochlear (sensory only)
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal

Cranial nerve - I Olfactory (sensory only)

sensory info from olfactory receptor (smell)

Cranial nerve - II Optic (sensory only)

sensory info from retina of eye (visual)

Cranial nerve - III Oculomotor

eye muscles; parasympathetic - constricts pupils; voluntary eye movement

Cranial nerve - IV Trochlear

eye muscles; voluntary eye mvmt

Cranial nerve - V Trigeminal

sensory info from face & teeth; motor nerve for chewing muscles; mainly sensory nerve

Cranial nerve - VI Abducens

eye muscles; voluntary eye mvmt

Cranial nerve - VII Facial

motor nerve to facial muscles; sensory info from taste buds (tongue); parasympathetic to salivary, nasal, tear glands

Cranial nerve - VIII Vestibulocochlear (sensory only)

sensory info from ears: cochlea (hearing) vestibule (balance)

Cranial nerve - IX Glossopharyngeal

motor & sensory nerve for tongue & pharynx muscles (swallowing), taste buds; parasympathetic to salivary glands

Cranial nerve - X Vagus (only cranial nerve that extends below head & neck)

parasympathetic innervation of visceral organs; sensory nerve from visceral organs; somatic motor nerve to pharynx & mouth (swallow); main parasympathetic nerve in body; slows down heart & digestion; supplies heart & lungs & some of digestive system; most important cranial nerve

Cranial nerve -XI Accessory

motor nerve to larynx & pharynx (swallowing); motor & sensory nerve to head & neck muscles

Cranial nerve -XII Hypoglossal

motor nerve to tongue muscles (swallowing, speech)

Functional areas of the Cerebral cortex

1. Motor areas a. primary motor area b. premotor area c. Broca's area d. frontal eye field 2. Sensory areas a. primary somatosensory area b. primary visual area c. primary auditory area 3. Association areas a. prefrontal cortex b. Wernicke's area c. visceral association area

Cerebral cortex areas (function)

1. motor areas - control of voluntary movement 2. sensory areas - awareness of sensations 3. association areas - interprets info

Primary motor area - motor area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

function: conscious control of skeletal muscles (40% of our body); location: precentral gyrus; frontal lobe

Premotor area (motor assoc area) - motor area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

function: learned motor skills (repetitive movements) location: frontal lobe

Broca's area - motor area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

function: speech production location: usually Left hemisphere (lateralization), frontal lobe

Frontal eye field - motor area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

function: voluntary eye movements location: frontal lobe

Primary somatosensory area - sensory area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

function: receives sensory info from skin & skeletal muscles location: postcentral gyrus, parietal lobe

Primary visual area - sensory area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

function: receives visual info from retina of eye; where we see location: occipital lobe

Primary auditory area - sensory area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

function: receives sound info from ear location: temporal lobe

Prefrontal cortex - association area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

most important part of cerebrum; function: intellect, judgment, reasoning, conscience location: frontal lobe

Wernicke's area - association area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

function: language interpretation, recognition of spoken words location: usually left hemisphere (lateralization), along lateral sulcus

Visceral association area - association area of cerebral cortex (function & location)

function: perception of visceral sensations (i.e. full bladder, upset stomach) location: insula (5th lobe)