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A&P 1 Chap 12 - Chap 24 (3rd Test) > Chapter 14 - Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Some characteristics of the brain

A
  • most nervous tissue located here
  • 99% of all neurons in body located in CNS
  • 20% of body’s blood flow goes to brain
  • 100 billion neurons (1,000 times more than spinal cord)
  • major integration center - control centers located in brain
  • high metabolic rate
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2
Q

Embryonic Development of brain

A

Primary germ layers (16 day old after fertilization) - 3 layers

  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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3
Q

Ectoderm

A

top layer; develops into nervous tissue & part of skin (epidermis); brain, spinal cord & nerves all come from this layer

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4
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle layer; develops into most muscle tissue (skeletal); CT; forms mesenchyme

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5
Q

Endoderm

A

develops into epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary systems; epithelial tissue comes from ALL 3 layers

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6
Q

Formation of the ectoderm (beginning of the brain)

A

a. neural tube - ectoderm forms a long tube; upper region develops into brain & lower region develops into spinal cord
b. primary brain vesicles - upper part widens @ 3 regions
1. Forebrain - top
2. Midbrain - middle
3. Hindbrain - lower

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7
Q

Forebrain (embryo) develops into

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
    (of adult brain)
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8
Q

Midbrain (embryo) develops into

A

Midbrain (of adult brain)

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9
Q

Hindbrain (embryo) develops into

A
  1. Pons
  2. Medulla
  3. Cerebellum
    (of adult brain)
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10
Q

4 Major regions of brain

A
  1. Cerebrum - 83% of total brain mass
  2. Diencephalon - 3 parts - thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
  3. Brain stem - 3 parts - midbrain, pons, medulla
  4. Cerebellum - 11% of brain mass; 2nd largest part
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11
Q

Protections of the Brain

A
  1. Skull bones
  2. Meninges - 3 CT coverings–continuous from spinal cord - dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
  3. CSF - floats brain so it’s cushioned
  4. Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
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12
Q

Layers of meninges in brain

A
  • NO epidural space–no layer of fat
  • Dura mater–periosteal layer & meningeal layer
  • Subdural space
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid space - CSF
  • Pia mater - touches brain
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13
Q

Dura mater - 2 layers

A
  1. periosteal layer - periosteum of skull bones; fused onto dura mater; why there’s no epidural space
  2. meningeal layer
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14
Q

CSF

A

comes from blood; made in brain

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15
Q

choroid plexus

A

forms CSF

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16
Q

ventricles

A

spaces inside brain filled w/CSF; all connected

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17
Q

How CSF gets into the subarachnoid space

A
  • CSF first enters ventricles
  • 3 holes - apertures - how CSF gets into subarachnoid space
  • CSF is removed by arachnoid villi
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18
Q

arachnoid villi

A

folds of arachnoid mater; comes from arachnoid mater; drains CSF out of brain into a vein

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19
Q

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

endothelial cells (epithelial cells) lining capillaries in brain have many tight junctions; very impermeable barrier protects the brain from harmful substances & pathogens

20
Q

Substances that cannot or poorly enter brain:

A
  • cells
  • proteins
  • waste products - urea, uric acid
  • most antibiotic drugs
  • K+ ions - pumped out of brain by active transport; if levels too high, threshold is not maintained
21
Q

Substances that can enter brain:

A
  • glucose
  • some amino acids
  • some ions - Na+, Ca+ (not K+ –want to keep K+ low)
  • oxygen - small nonpolar molecules; by simple diffusion
  • carbon dioxide
  • fats
  • alcohol - lipid soluble
  • anesthesia
22
Q

4 Main Parts of Brain

A
  1. Brain stem
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Cerebrum
23
Q

Brain stem (3 parts)

A
  1. Midbrain - top inch
  2. Pons - middle inch
  3. Medulla - bottom inch
24
Q

Brain stem characteristics

A

white & gray matter; 3 inches long; connections to cerebellum & lots of connections to PNS; connects brain to spinal cord; 10 cranial nerves exit out of brain stem

25
Midbrain (brain stem)
coordinates head & eye movements; substantia nigra
26
substantia nigra
dark pigmented region; location of neurons that don't work in Parkinson's; makes dopamine; located in midbrain
27
Pons (brain stem)
respiratory center that moderates breathing; lots of connections to cerebellum
28
Medulla (brain stem)
autonomic relay center; main respiratory center-sets normal pattern of breathing; cardiac center--can change heart rate; direct connections to heart; vasomotor center - direct connections to blood vessels--changes diameter of blood vessels
29
Medulla- crossing over of corticospinal tracts
tracts comes from left side of brain & crosses over to right side @ medulla & supplies right side of body & vice versa; right side of brain controls left side of body & vice versa
30
Cerebellum
looks like a little cerebrum; white & gray matter; function--subconscious coordination of body movements; does not control it but coordinates it; posture & balance affected by cerebellum; Ipsilateral - same side; 2 hemispheres - left hemisphere coordinates movements on left side
31
Diencephalon (3 parts)
1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalamus
32
Diencephalon
nuclei located here; tiny part; almost all gray matter; lots of cell bodies
33
Thalamus (Diencephalon)
gateway to the cerebral cortex; all sensations (but smell); all receptors have to be cleared thru thalamus; sorts sensory info & relays to cerebral cortex
34
Hypothalamus (Diencephalon)
under the thalamus; smaller than thalamus; 2-3% of brain; visceral control center; controls ANS, responsible for water balance, regulates sleep cycles; regulates hunger; responsible for body temp; homeostasis is accomplished thru here
35
Hypothalamus (Diencephalon) - more info
parts of limbic system - sex drive, rage, animal instincts; endocrine glands - secretes lots of hormones which affect the pituitary gland (releases hormones); oversees pituitary gland; CONTROLS
36
medulla receives info from hypothalamus
& carries out instructions
37
ANS
beating of heart, secretion from glands
38
Epithalamus (Diencephalon)
main structure is pineal gland which regulates sleep; pineal gland - secretes 1 hormone--melatonin; gland gets instruction from hypothalamus
39
Cerebrum
largest part of brain; 2 halves - cerebral hemispheres - left & right - symmetrical
40
convolutions
folds & creases of surface; grew rapidly; increases surface area - more blood vessels
41
3 types of convolutions
1. gyrus - upward fold; ridge 2. sulcus - groove; downward fold 3. fissure - deep groove
42
longitudinal fissure
divides left & right cerebral hemisphere; deep fold
43
transverse fissure
divides cerebrum from cerebellum
44
central sulcus
divides frontal & parietal lobes
45
parieto-occipital sulcus
divides parietal & occipital lobes
46
lateral sulcus
divides temporal lobe from frontal & parietal lobes
47
5 Lobes
1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal 5. Insula - deep to lateral sulcus

A&P 1 Chap 12 - Chap 24 (3rd Test) (8 decks)

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