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A&P 1 Chap 12 - Chap 24 (3rd Test) > Chapter 24 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

2 Parts of Digestive System

A
  1. Alimentary canal (Gastrointestinal tract)

2. Accessory organs

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2
Q

Order of alimentary canal

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

usually next to or inside tube; usually secrete chemicals that aid in digestion;

  • tongue, teeth, salivary glands
  • liver, gall bladder pancreas
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4
Q

6 Digestive Processes

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical digestion
  3. Chemical digestion
  4. Propulsion
  5. Absorption
  6. Elimination
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5
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

physically tearing apart food into smaller pieces; chewing (mastication), churning (of stomach), segmentation

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6
Q

Chemical digestion

A

secretes digestive enzymes (to break down proteins); hydrolysis

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7
Q

Propulsion

A

pushing of food down alimentary canal (30 ft); ex. swallowing (deglutition); peristalsis - pushes food along small intestines

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8
Q

Absorption

A

process of taking in of nutrients into blood vessels or lymphatic vessels; now in body & now we can use

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9
Q

4 Tissue layers of Alimentary canal (technically digestion takes place outside of body)

A
  1. Mucosa
    a. Epithelial
    b. lamina propria
    c. muscularis mucosae
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
    a. circular layer of smooth muscle
    b. longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
  4. Serosa
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10
Q

Lumen

A

hollow space in center of tube; where digestion takes place

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11
Q

Mucosa (layer of alimentary canal)

A

inner most layer; mucous membrane; opening to outside;

function: secretion, absorption, dislodges food

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12
Q

Epithelial (part of mucosa layer)

A

lines body cavities;

function: secretion

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13
Q

Lamina propria (part of mucosa layer)

A

areolar CT; richly vascularized; when associated w/mucous membrane, this CT is always called lamina propria;
function: blood vessels responsible for absorption

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14
Q

Muscularis mucosae (part of mucosa layer)

A

thin layer of smooth muscle;

function: dislodges food

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15
Q

Submucosa (layer of alimentary canal)

A

CT that surrounds mucosa; blood vessels, lymphatic vessels (carries food), nerves; submucosal nerve plexus located here

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16
Q

Submucosal nerve plexus

A

runs almost down whole canal;

function: responsible for stimulating gland secretions of the mucosa

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17
Q

Muscularis externa (layer of alimentary canal)

A

thickest layers of smooth muscles; main layer that produces movement of canal–peristalsis (kind of propulsion) & segmentation (mechanical digestion)

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18
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A

sandwiched between circular layer of s.m. & longitudinal layer of s.m.;
function: causing movements

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19
Q

Serosa (layer of alimentary canal)

A

serous membrane lining abdominal cavity; outermost layer; protective covering; visceral peritoneum

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20
Q

2 Controls of Enteric Nervous System (“brain of the gut”)

A
  1. Intrinsic control of digestion

2. Extrinsic control

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21
Q

Intrinsic control of digestion

A

exhibits control from inside of canal; submucosal & myenteric nerve plexuses form ENS; 100 million neurons-same size as spinal cord; more local

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22
Q

Extrinsic control of digestion

A

from outside of digestive system by ANS (hypothalamus);
parasympathetic stimulates digestive track motility & secretion;
sympathetic inhibits all digestive tracts movements & secretions from outside;
more extensive affecting whole digestive system

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23
Q

Peritoneal Folds

A
  1. Greater omentum
  2. Lesser omentum
  3. Mesentery
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24
Q

Greater omentum (peritoneal folds)

A

adipose tissue; nutrient storage

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25
Lesser omentum (peritoneal folds)
stomach & duodenum attachment to liver; hepatic portal veins
26
Mesentery (peritoneal folds)
attaches small intestines to posterior body wall; fan-shaped fold associated w/small intestines; only place for blood vessels, nerves & lymphatic vessels to enter & leave digestive system
27
Hepatic portal veins
carries nutrients to liver; Liver-detoxification; portal - carries blood from one organ to another organ
28
Deglutition
swallowing; form of propulsion; involves voluntary & involuntary muscles; uses 4 cranial nerves & lots of muscles; uvula - by reflex this blocks food from going thru nasal passages
29
Peristalsis
uses muscularis externa to contract & squeeze food of circular layer; continuous contraction behind food; how food gets pushed down canal
30
Stomach
widest part of canal; function: storage & churning of food
31
Unique anatomy of Stomach
1. Muscularis Externa - oblique layer - gross anatomy 2. Rugae - gross anatomy 3. Gastric Gland - microscopic anatomy
32
Muscularis externa (of stomach)
3rd layer only in stomach besides circular & longitudinal layer; oblique layer - so stomach can churn in 3 different directions
33
Rugae (stomach)
fan-like folds; only appears when stomach is empty or near empty; stomach can hold a gallon of food or drink
34
Gastric Gland (stomach)
gland built into mucosa; functions: 1. secrets HCl (hydrochloric acid) - ph of lumen is acidic; 2. Kills bacteria 3. Intrinsic factor - needed for vitamin B12 absorption (w/out it--severely anemic) 4. Pepsinogen - inactive enzyme; as protective measure
35
Function of HCl
denatures proteins (changes shape of proteins)
36
Zymogens
inactive enzyme; converted into pepsin (which begins to breakdown proteins; Pepsinogen (inacitve)--HCl--pepsin in lumen (active)
37
Protections of the Stomach
1. Zymogen Produced 2. Goblet Cells - secrete mucus so acid doesn't break down cells 3. Tight Junctions 4. High Turnover - lining of stomach gets replaced every 2 -3 days 5. Gastric Gland impermeable to HCl - once HCl is released, it can't harm cells
38
Small Intestines
function: chemical digestion of all nutrients completed; absorption of all nutrients completed; main place where chem digestion & absorption takes place; most important part of alimentary canal; narrowest part of canal (about 20 ft long)
39
Circular folds (plica circularis)
circular rings located w/in lining of s. i.; | function: to increase surface area for absorption to occur quick
40
Villi
located on circular folds of s.i.; function: increases surface area more for absorption; blood vessels & lymphatic vessels main absorptive structure in s.i.; very bumpy
41
Microvilli
highly folded plasma membrane in absorptive cells of villi (of s.i.); increases surface are even more!; digestive enzymes are built into microvilli
42
Brush border enzymes
not secreted; built into lining of s.i.; digestion finished by these enzymes
43
3 Sections of Small Intestine
1. Duodenum - 1st 10 inches 2. Jejunum - middle section; 8 ft 3. Ileum - last 12 ft
44
Duodenum
mixing region - chyme from stomach goes into duodenum; bile, gall bladder; pancreas; weakness - chyme
45
Bile
from liver; emulsification of fats--helps break down globs of fat
46
Gall bladder
smooth muscle; stores & concentrates bile; when bile is not needed immediately, it comes here to be stored
47
Pancreas
most important accessory organ; gland: makes almost all enzymes that break down proteins, carbs & nucleic acids; digestive enzymes come from pancreas
48
Brunner's gland
protects duodenum from chyme (which is very acidic); functions: 1. secretes a slightly basic secretion; neutralizes the acids; neutralizes the chyme; to protect s.i. so it's not harmed; 2. produces thick mucus to coat duodenum from acids
49
Jejunum
main chem digestion & absorption part
50
Ileum
absorption of vit B12 & bile salts (part of bile emulsifying fats); responsible for Peyer's Patches
51
Peyer's Patches
MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue); houses immune cells & destroys microorganisms that get into this part; protection of s.i.
52
Large Intestine
Main function: absorption of water: only part of canal where solid waste is eliminated; fiber & other things can't be broken down by digestive system; wider but not too long (about 5 ft)
53
2 Structures found only in L.I.
1. Teniae coli | 2. Haustra
54
Teniae coli
band of smooth muscle in l.i.; longitudinal layer of muscularis externa; does NOT completely surround circular layer as it does everywhere else; only part that is not covered;
55
Haustra
sac-like structures in l.i.; haustral contractions - slower than peristalsis; squeezes as much water as possible
56
Bacterial flora
not a structure; garden of bacteria located in lumen; helpful bacteria; makes B vitamins & vitamin K (needed for blood clotting)
57
Carbohydrate digestion
begins in mouth; enzyme: amylase; brush border enzymes finishes job
58
Protein digestion
begins in stomach; HCl denatures proteins; HCl unravels protein & prepares it for chemical digestion; enzyme: pepsin (stomach); enzymes made in pancreas: trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase; brush border enzymes
59
Lipid digestion
bile salts emulsify fats; | enzyme: lipase
60
Nucleic acid digestion
enzymes: deoxyribonuclease (breaks down DNA); ribonuclease (breaks down RNA); brush border enzymes
61
Digestive Processes involving Mouth
Ingestion; Mechanical digestion - mastication; Chemical digestion of carbs; Propulsion - deglutition
62
Digestive Processes involving Pharynx
Propulsion - deglutition
63
Digestive Processes involving Esophagus
Propulsion - peristalsis
64
Digestive Processes involving Stomach
Mechanical digestion - peristalsis; Chemical digestion of proteins (1 nutrient); Propulsion - peristalsis; Absorption of alcohol, some drugs, water
65
Digestive Processes involving Small Intestine
Mechanical digestion - segmentation; Chemical digestion of nutrients completed; Propulsion - peristalsis; Absorption of nutrients completed
66
Digestive Processes involving Large Intestine
Propulsion - haustral contractions; Absorption of water & some vitamins; Elimination
67
Unique Anatomy of Stomach
Oblique layer of muscularis externa; Rugae; Gastric gland
68
Unique Anatomy of Small Intestine
Circular folds, villi, microvilli; Brunner's glands in duodenum; Peyer's patches in ileum
69
Unique Anatomy of Large Intestine
Teniae coli; | Haustra
70
Accessory Organs of Mouth
salivary glands, tongue, teeth
71
Accessory Organs of Small Intestine
Pancreas - produces digestive enzymes; Live - produces bile; Gall bladder - stores bile

A&P 1 Chap 12 - Chap 24 (3rd Test) (8 decks)

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