Chapter 14 Exploitative Interactions Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following examples is considered an exploitative interaction?
A
a cat killing a sparrow
2
Q
Identify the role of a predator in a community.
A
Predators take nutrients from other organisms by killing them.
3
Q
Identify the role of a parasite.
A
to consume nutrients from another organism without killing it
4
Q
What term is used to describe an organism whose larva kills the host and consumes it?
A
Parasitoid
5
Q
Which organisms are often classified as pathogens?
A
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
6
Q
Which of the following relationships are considered exploitative interactions?
A
parasite–host
predator–prey
7
Q
Identify the food preferences for larval Helicopsyche.
A
algae
bacteria
8
Q
What term is used to describe an organism that will kill and consume other organisms?
A
predator
9
Q
What term is used to describe an organism that lives on the tissues of another, without killing it?
A
parasite
10
Q
What percentage of the benthic biomass do the larval Helicopsyche make up in the Lamberti and Resh study?
A
25%
11
Q
Which organisms are most likely classified as a parasitoid?
A
wasps
flies
12
Q
At what point of the study did the caddisfly population reach its peak?
A
week 3
13
Q
What term is used to describe agents that induce disease?
A
pathogens
14
Q
Which group of organisms is the dominant herbivore in a forest ecosystem?
A
arthropods
15
Q
The larval of Helicopsyche graze on algae and bacteria growing on exposed surfaces of submerged _______. Feeding on these exposed surfaces makes them easier targets for predators.
A
stones
16
Q
What was the arthropod density on plants that were visited by bats but not by birds in the Kalka study?
A
65% higher than control plants
17
Q
Identify the impact that mange mites can have upon a population of red foxes.
A
results in hair loss
results in the death of the red fox
cause skin deterioration
18
Q
What is the ecological role of the larval Helicopsyche in Lamberti and Resh’s study?
A
consumer
19
Q
Which of the following prey populations would be impacted by the red fox population?
A
Roe deer
Grouse
Mountain hares
20
Q
What is the relationship between the caddisfly population and the algal biomass?
A
As the caddisfly population increases the algal biomass decreases.
21
Q
Which of the following will be the dominant group of herbivores in a forest ecosystem?
A
arthropods
22
Q
Ecologists studying temporal dynamics will study the interactions between ______.
A
predators and prey
23
Q
Which group of organisms in the Kalka study had an impact on reducing the arthropod density in tropical forests?
A
Birds and bats both reduced the arthropod density.
24
Q
If the snowshoe hare population is impacted by the sunspot cycles, which population will be most directly impacted because the hares are affected?
A
lynx
25
What was the ultimate consequence of mange mites on the red fox population?
They decreased the population by over 70%.
26
According to the predator hypothesis, what will ultimately happen to the prey?
Their population will decrease.
27
What happened to the hare population as a result of the decrease in the red fox population?
It increased by two to four times.
28
Which portion of the boreal forest plays the most critical role in their winter food supply?
understory shrubs
29
How long after snowshoe hares browse on plants will the plant continue to produce chemical defenses? This defense will lower the quality of their food supply.
2 years
30
Temporal dynamics in predator and prey populations of animals are studied over a period of ______.
days to decades
31
Which of the following predators is a specialist on the snowshoe hare?
lynx
they rely mainly on snowshoe hares to live
32
Which population did Charles Elton hypothesize was most directly impacted by the intensity of solar radiation?
hares
thought variation in solar radiation would affect their food supply
33
Lynx and coyotes have the biggest impact on ______ populations.
snowshoe hare
34
Which correlation is correct according to the predator hypothesis? As prey population ______.
increases the predator population increases
35
Which statement is correct about the numerical response of both coyotes and lynxes in response to the increase in the hare population?
Both the coyote and lynx populations increased in numbers in response to an increase in the hare population.
36
What role do understory shrubs play in the life of a snowshoe hare?
The shrubs provide cover for the hares.
The shrubs provide a food source.
37
What is the most immediate consequence of an increase in the snowshoe hare population?
The quantity and quality of their food decreases.
38
What defensive mechanisms will plants produce in response to being preyed upon by snowshoe hares?
elevated concentrations of plant defensive chemicals
39
What happened to the hare population when the Krebs research team reduced the predators on the study plot?
The hare density doubled.
40
Which of the following are considered generalist predators on the snowshoe hare but can use snowshoe hares as their dominate food source when the hare population is large enough?
coyotes
| red foxes
41
True or false: The population cycle in the snowshoe hare population is determined strictly by the number of predators in the community.
false
The hare population cycle is determined by a combination of the hare population, the predator population, and the food available for the hares.
42
Identify the predators that play the greatest role in influencing the snowshoe hare population.
coyotes
lynx
43
What was the key to understanding the controls on the snowshoe hare population numbers?
studying all three trophic levels simultaneously
44
Which statement is correct about the functional response of coyotes and lynx to the increase in the hare population?
Coyotes killed more hares than lynxes while the hare population was increasing.
45
What are the main controls on the snowshoe hare population?
the size of the predator population and the amount of food available for the snowshoe hare population
46
True or false: Mathematical models offer population ecologists an opportunity to manipulate variables that cannot be controlled in the field.
true
47
What happened to the hare population when the Krebs research team excluded predators and added food to the study plot?
The hare population increased by 11 times.
48
Identify the trophic levels that influence the population cycle of the snowshoe hare.
the predators of the hares
the hares' food source
the hares
49
Which animals did Alfred Lotka use to model predator-prey interactions?
butterflies
| moths
50
In order to understand the dynamics of the snowshoe hare population, how many trophic levels was it necessary to study?
three
51
Within the Lotka-Volterra model, what limits the host population size?
amount of predators
52
Which of the following is a benefit that a mathematical model offers to a population ecologist?
They can manipulate variables that cannot be controlled in the field.
53
Within the Lotka-Volterra equation, what opposes the growth rate of the predator population?
the number of predator deaths
54
According to the Lotka-Volterra equation, what is the initial response to an increase in the predator population?
a decrease in the host population
55
What group of organisms did Vito Volterra use to model his predator-prey interactions after?
marine fish
56
True or false: The Lotka-Volterra equation is realistic in assuming that the predator and prey populations will be able to oscillate continuously without interruption.
false
57
What is the correct order of events in the life cycle of the adzuki bean weevil?
Eggs hatch into larvae that metamorphose into pupae that develop into adult weevils.
58
Within the Lotka-Volterra model, what type of growth is assumed for the host population?
exponential
59
Which parasitism relationship between the wasp larvae and weevil larvae is accurate?
Larvae wasp feed on larvae weevil.
60
In the Lotka-Volterra equation, what formula represents the number of predator deaths?
dpNp
61
Which species populations were used by Utida during his experimental attempt to reproduce the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey cycles?
parasitoid wasps
adzuki bean weevils
62
Identify the correct sequence of events that would occur, according to the Lotka-Volterra equation.
predator population increases, host population decreases, predator population decreases
63
Which of the following are unrealistic assumptions of the Lotka-Volterra equation?
Changes in the predator population will be instantaneously translated into responses in the prey population.
The predator populations are not subject to carrying capacities.
Eternal oscillations on a narrowly defined path will exist.
64
What is the length of the adzuki bean weevil life cycle?
20 days
65
During which stages of the weevils' life cycle are they parasitized by the hymenopteran wasp?
larvae
| pupae
66
What are the consequences of the prey populations in most Lotka-Volterra experiments conducted in a lab? The prey population(s) ______.
go extinct
67
Which statement about the weevil and wasp populations is correct?
The weevil population was always equal or larger than the wasp population.
68
What role do refuges play in regards to exploited populations?
protection against predators and parasites
69
Which prey species was used by Gause during his first attempt to reproduce the Lotka-Volterra population cycles?
Paramecium caudatum
70
Which reason best explains why most attempts to produce Lotka-Volterra type oscillations in laboratory populations have failed?
The predator population had gone extinct in a fairly short period of time.
71
Which population(s) benefits from the presence of a refuge
prey and predators
72
Within Gause's laboratory experiment, what was considered the reservoir of predators?
his laboratory cultures
73
Which group tends to benefit the most from the presence of a refuge?
prey
74
The largest predator mite population occurred after the ______ cycle peak in the prey mites population.
third
75
What predator was used by Gause during his first attempt to reproduce the Lotka-Volterra population cycles?
Didinium nasutum
76
Within the Lotka-Volterra equation, what does p represent?
the consumption rate of the predator
77
According to Lotka the value of p should remain the same across different environments.
false
78
In the absence of a refuge, what will ultimately happen to the predator and prey populations?
extinction of both predator and prey populations
79
Which of the following components were required in order for Gause to produce Lotka-Volterra type predator-prey oscillations under laboratory conditions?
a reservoir for the predator population
periodic immigration of predators
a refuge for the prey
80
Identify the relationship, discovered by Huffaker, between predator and prey populations of mites.
If the prey population increases, shortly after, the predator population will increase.
81
In what way would p differ if one environment has more refuges than the other?
The environment with more refugees would have a lower p value.
(more refuge = less prey, so predators will consume less)
82
Within the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey equation, what symbol is used to represent the capture rate of the predator?
the symbol p
83
Which factor would most likely cause p to differ between two environments?
a difference in the availability of refuges
84
Which of the following refuges enabled the cactus Opuntia stricta to avoid predation by herbivorous insects and pathogenic microbes?
nutrient-poor soils
small isolated populations
growing between 600 and 900 m in elevation
85
Which features of group life make it a refuge?
Living in a large group decreases an individual's chances of being the one killed.
A large group can scare away a predator.
86
The value of p will ______ if an environment experiences an increase in the number of refuges over a period of time
decrease
87
Which variables are used to calculate the predator's combined response to increased prey density?
the number of predators per area
prey consumed by each predator
88
If the density of prey in a given area were to increase, what would we expect to happen to the percentage of prey consumed? It would ______.
decrease
89
Why is growing on nutrient-poor soils and above 600 to 900 m in elevation considered a refuge for the cactus Opuntia stricta?
Growing under these conditions produces low-quality plant tissues that are a poorer food choice for herbivorous insects.
90
True or false: Living in a large group is considered a form of prey refuge.
true
91
Which prey density produced the highest percentage of prey consumed?
medium
92
The predator's combined response to increased prey density is measured as the ______.
prey consumed per unit area
93
When will a prey population experience predator satiation?
when the prey population is present in a high density
94
What is the relationship between the prey density and the percentage of prey consumed?
The higher the prey density, the lower the percentage of prey consumed.
95
Why did the elk in Yellowstone National Park change their behavior?
They were afraid of the increased wolf population in the park.
96
The prey-dependent functional response model and the ratio-dependent functional response model both include the ______.
feeding rate
97
What relationship exists between the prey density and the percentage of prey consumed when all three predators were present in the study by C. S. Holling?
When prey density is high, the percentage of prey consumed is low.
98
A prey defensive strategy called ________ occurs when prey are present in a very high density, thus decreasing an individual's chances of being killed by a predator.
predator satiation
99
The data plotted in this graph provide evidence for ______.
the prey-dependent functional response model
100
In which way would a parasite alter the behavior of its host?
It will cause the host to help increase the transmission of the parasites.
101
What were the consequences of reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park?
The elk herd altered its pattern of distribution.
102
Recognize the benefit that positive phototaxis in their amphipod hosts provides to spiny-headed worms.
greater chance of being transmitted to another host
103
The prey-dependent functional response model's only variable determining the functional response is the ______, while the ratio-dependent functional response model incorporates the ratio of ______.
prey number; prey to predators
104
Which organism was the host species in Janice Moore's study?
the European starling
105
What is the ultimate consequence of the behavioral change that Plagiorhynchus will inflict upon Armadillidium?
Armadillidium will be preyed upon more frequently by birds.
106
The data plotted in this graph support the ratio-dependent functional response model because ______.
the number of moose killed increases as the ratio of moose to wolves increases
107
True or false: Parasites will often use the host in order to increase the parasites' reproductive potential.
true
108
What is the correct order of stages in the life cycle of Arabis spp.?
rosette - bolting - flowering
109
Identify the amphipod behavior that will occur when they are parasitized by spiny-headed worms.
positive phototaxis
110
After Puccinia infects the rosettes of Arabis, it invades the activity dividing meristematic tissue during the _______ season.
winter
111
In the parasite-host relationship studied by Janice Moore, what was the intermediate host?
ANSWER : a pill bug (a terrestrial isopod)
```
______
an acanthocephalan (Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus) is the parasite
```
a European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is the host
112
In what way does Plagiorhynchus alter the behavior of Armadillidium (pill bugs)?
Armadillidium will increase the amount of time they spend in the open.
113
What is the first stage in the life cycle of Arabis spp.?
forming a rosette
114
Which of the following features describe an infected Arabis?
The tips of the rosettes have a cluster of bright yellow leaves.
Rosettes are elongated.
Rosettes possess a high density of leaves along their length.
115
During which stage of the Arabis life cycle does infection by Puccinia occur?
rosette stage
116
Which organism was the host species in Janice Moore's study?
the European starling
117
Which abiotic factor has the LEAST influence on the outcome of competition between Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum?
soil texture
| 2 influences : temperature and moisture
118
In the Park study, which organisms had the highest rate of cannibalism?
T. castaneum
119
What is the initial stage of the Adelina life cycle that enables it to enter the host?
oocysts
120
How did Adelina alter the outcome of competition between T. confusum and T. castaneum?
T. confusum won more often.
121
Which variables influenced the outcome of competition between Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum?
temperature and moisture
122
Which insect group makes up the majority of the diet of a lactating Brazilian free-tailed bat?
moths
123
What information was Park studying in regards to T. castaneum and T. confusum?
rates of cannibalism
124
According to the researchers' calculations, there were _____ fewer caterpillars damaging cotton plants when Brazilian free-tailed bats are feeding on the bollworm moths.
5
125
Identify the correct sequence for the life cycle of Adelina, beginning with entering the host at the top and ending with being encased in oocysts at the bottom.
1. oocysts of adelina enter the host
2. oocysts develop into the sporozoite stage
3. sporozoites enter the host's haemocoel
4. sporozoites become merozoites and invade host cells
5. zygotes give rise to sporozoites that are encased in oocysts
126
When Adelina was present, Tribolium castaneum was more successful than Tribolium confusum.
false
Tribolium confusum was more successful when Adelina was present.
127
What is the insect consumption level each night of a lactating Brazilian free-tailed bat?
2/3 of its body weight
128
Identify the avoided costs that the Cleveland research team assigned to fields that had Brazilian free-tailed bats feeding above them.
the value of the crop that was not lost to predation by the bollworm
a decrease in pesticides being applied
