CHAPTER 14: HOW DO WE LEARN AND REMEMBER?

Question 1

1. Brain imaging research has shown that activity in the \_\_\_\_\_\_ is reduced in individuals with
dyslexia.
 A) left temporoparietal cortex
 B) left occipital cortex
 C) right frontal cortex
 D) right temporoparietal cortex

Answer 1

A) left temporoparietal cortex

Question 2

2. ______ is probably the most common learning disability.
   A) Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder
   B) Autism
   C) Dyslexia
   D) Dyscalculia

Answer 2

C) Dyslexia

Question 3

3. \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a change in an organism’s behavior as a result of experience.
 A) Learning
 B) Memory
 C) Cognition
 D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 3

A) Learning

Question 4

4. \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a change in the ability to recall or recognize previous experience.
 A) Learning
 B) Memory
 C) Reasoning
 D) All of the answers are correct

Answer 4

B) Memory

Question 5

5. Last year, every time John watched a football game at his friend’s house, he drank beer. Now,
   whenever John watches a football game, he finds himself craving beer. This is an example of:
   A) Pavlovian (classical) conditioning.
   B) operant conditioning.
   C) fear conditioning.
   D) the successful use of beer commercials during football games.

Answer 5

A) Pavlovian (classical) conditioning.

Question 6

6. A stimulus followed by food, followed by salivation, is a learning paradigm called:
 A) Pavlovian conditioning.
 B) classical conditioning.
 C) respondent conditioning.
 D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 6

D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

7. In a conditioning experiment Andrew hears a tone just prior to receiving a puff of air to his eye that
   causes an eye blink response. In this experiment the tone is the ____, the puff of air to the eye is the
   ______ and the eye blink is the ______.
   A) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
   B) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
   C) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
   D) conditioned response, conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

B) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Question 8

8. Pavlovian conditioning is controlled by circuits in the:
 A) frontal cortex.
 B) thalamus.
 C) brainstem.
 D) cerebellum.

Answer 8

D) cerebellum.

Question 9

9. Eye-blink conditioning is an example of:
 A) respondent conditioning.
 B) instrumental conditioning.
 C) operant conditioning.
 D) fear conditioning.

Answer 9

A) respondent conditioning.

Question 10

10. Eye-blink conditioning involves neural circuits in the:
 A) cerebellum.
 B) amygdala.
 C) orbital frontal cortex.
 D) occipital lobe.

Answer 10

A) cerebellum.

Question 11

11. Fear conditioning involves neural circuits in the:
 A) hypothalamus.
 B) amygdala.
 C) frontal lobe.
 D) cerebellum.

Answer 11

B) amygdala.

Question 12

12. Once Melissa was trapped in an elevator all alone for almost 3 hours when the power went out.
    Now whenever she gets near an elevator, she freezes up and starts gasping for air as if she cannot
    breathe. This is an example of:
    A) classical conditioning.
    B) operant conditioning.
    C) fear conditioning.
    D) respondent conditioning.

Answer 12

C) fear conditioning.

Question 13

13. Fear conditioning is controlled by the \_\_\_\_\_\_, and Pavlovian conditioning is mediated by the
\_\_\_\_\_\_.
 A) hypothalamus; cerebellum
 B) brainstem; basal ganglia
 C) amygdala; basal ganglia
 D) amygdala; cerebellum

Answer 13

D) amygdala; cerebellum

Question 14

14. You are in a crowded supermarket with your 4-year-old nephew. When you are in the candy aisle,
    he asks you for a chocolate bar. You initially refuse, saying that it is not good for him to eat candy.
    He begins to cry and whine loudly. Embarrassed by all the attention you are attracting, you buy
    him the chocolate bar to stop him from crying. Now every time you go to the store, your nephew
    whines until you buy him something. This is an example of:
    A) operant conditioning.
    B) fear conditioning.
    C) classical conditioning.
    D) respondent conditioning.

Answer 14

A) operant conditioning.

Question 15

15. Pressing a bar to obtain food is an example of:
 A) respondent conditioning.
 B) classical conditioning.
 C) instrumental conditioning.
 D) amygdala conditioning.

Answer 15

C) instrumental conditioning.

Question 16

16. Instrumental conditioning circuits are found:
 A) in the amygdala.
 B) in the cerebellum.
 C) throughout the brain.
 D) in the frontal cortex.

Answer 16

C) throughout the brain.

Question 17

17. Implicit memory has been demonstrated in:
    A) verbal tasks.
    B) motor tasks.
    C) neither verbal tasks nor motor tasks.
    D) both verbal tasks and motor tasks.

Answer 17

D) both verbal tasks and motor tasks.

Question 18

18. Which of the following is not an example of implicit memory?
    A) You have not been on a bicycle for almost 10 years, but you can still ride one.
    B) You have learned to associate a tone with a puff of air to your eye that causes an eye blink.
    C) You figured out a word in your crossword puzzle more quickly because you overheard
    someone say the word this morning at work, even though you do not remember actually
    hearing it.
    D) You remember the day that your coach taught you how to properly catch a baseball.

Answer 18

D) You remember the day that your coach taught you how to properly catch a baseball.

Question 19

19. Amnesiacs generally lose the ability to do:
    A) explicit and implicit memory tasks.
    B) explicit memory tasks.
    C) implicit memory tasks.
    D) any verbal-content tasks but not motor tasks.

Answer 19

B) explicit memory tasks.

Question 20

20. Another term for implicit memory is:
 A) skill.
 B) working memory.
 C) declarative memory.
 D) episodic memory.

Answer 20

A) skill.

Question 21

21. Another word for explicit memory is:
 A) reference.
 B) skill.
 C) habit.
 D) episodic memory.

Answer 21

D) episodic memory.

Question 22

22. Which of the following terms is used instead of implicit memory?
 A) nonassociative memory
 B) episodic memory
 C) elaboration
 D) working memory

Answer 22

A) nonassociative memory

Question 23

23. Which of the following terms is used instead of explicit memory?
 A) skill
 B) representational memory
 C) reference memory
 D) habit memory

Answer 23

B) representational memory

Question 24

24. Explicit memory is to implicit memory as:
 A) skill is to fact.
 B) conscious is to unconscious.
 C) semantic is to episodic.
 D) reference is to working.

Answer 24

B) conscious is to unconscious.

Question 25

25. Which of the following would be regarded as examples of explicit learning?
 A) Pavlov’s classical conditioning
 B) Thorndike’s instrumental learning
 C) Skinner’s operant learning
 D) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 25

D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 26

26. Implicit memory relies on:
 A) top-down processing.
 B) data-driven processing.
 C) bottom-up processing.
 D) both top-down and data-driven processing.

Answer 26

D) both top-down and data-driven processing.

Question 27

27. Explicit memory relies mainly on \_\_\_\_\_\_ processes, and implicit memory relies mainly on \_\_\_\_\_\_
processes.
 A) bottom-up; top-down
 B) automatic; voluntary
 C) top-down; bottom-up
 D) reflexive; cognitive

Answer 27

C) top-down; bottom-up

Question 28

28. Which of the following structures play an important role in short-term memory or temporary
memory?
 A) temporal lobes
 B) frontal lobes
 C) occipital lobes
 D) parietal lobes

Answer 28

B) frontal lobes

Question 29

29. The temporal lobes are critical for \_\_\_\_\_\_, and the frontal lobes are important for \_\_\_\_\_\_.
 A) short-term memory; long-term memory
 B) verbal memory; visual memory
 C) long-term memory; short-term memory
 D) implicit memory; explicit memory

Answer 29

C) long-term memory; short-term memory

Question 30

30. Martin and colleagues showed subjects black-and-white line drawings of objects and asked them to
    generate words denoting either colors of the objects or actions of the objects. While subjects were
    doing the task, positron emission tomography (PET) scans were recorded. The researchers found
    activation in the _____ when recalling the colors of the objects and activation in the ______ when
    recalling the actions associated with the objects:
    A) temporal lobes; occipital lobes.
    B) frontal lobes; temporal lobes.
    C) temporal lobes; parietal and frontal lobes.
    D) temporal and frontal lobes; parietal lobes

Answer 30

C) temporal lobes; parietal and frontal lobes.

Question 31

31. In your text, the patient K.C. is described as someone who sustained serious traumatic brain injury
    in a motorcycle accident. Among his deficits was the fact that:
    A) he could not play chess.
    B) his short-term memory was impaired.
    C) he could no longer remember his birthday.
    D) he could not recall any personally experienced events.

Answer 31

D) he could not recall any personally experienced events.

Question 32

32. A patient who sustained a brain injury in a mountain biking accident has a peculiar memory deficit.
    He has normal working memory and good long-term memory. However, he is completely unable to
    remember any personal events in his life, such as his college graduation or his birthday party from
    less than a week ago. You suspect that he may have damage to his:
    A) temporal lobes.
    B) cerebellum.
    C) frontal lobes.
    D) parietal lobes.

Answer 32

C) frontal lobes.

Question 33

33. Karl Lashley is remembered for his discovery:
    A) of operant conditioning.
    B) of the localized nature of memory.
    C) that memory loss was a function of the size of a lesion on the brain, not the location.
    D) that the temporal lobes are the location of memory.

Answer 33

C) that memory loss was a function of the size of a lesion on the brain, not the location.

Question 34

34. Karl Lashley’s failure to impair explicit memory following brain lesions in experimental animals
    was probably because:
    A) he never lesioned the medial temporal lobes.
    B) he used the wrong kind of animals.
    C) he used primarily implicit memory tests.
    D) he never lesioned the medial temporal lobes, and he used primarily implicit memory tests.

Answer 34

D) he never lesioned the medial temporal lobes, and he used primarily implicit memory tests.

Question 35

35. H. M., the memory patient described in your text, underwent:
    A) bilateral removal of the frontal lobes.
    B) bilateral removal of the temporal lobes.
    C) removal of the left temporal lobe.
    D) removal of the left frontal lobe.

Answer 35

B) bilateral removal of the temporal lobes.

Question 36

36. Which of the following was largely unaffected after the memory patient H. M.’s surgery?
 A) implicit memory
 B) verbal memory
 C) explicit memory
 D) visuospatial memory

Answer 36

A) implicit memory

Question 37

37. The patient J. K. had Parkinson’s disease. He showed a deficit in:
 A) verbal memory.
 B) visuospatial memory.
 C) implicit memory.
 D) explicit memory.

Answer 37

C) implicit memory.

Question 38

38. A patient named Boswell was described in your text as having severe amnesia—both for events
    prior to and after his illness—while maintaining implicit memory. His brain damage included the:
    A) medial temporal cortex.
    B) basal ganglia.
    C) sensory cortex.
    D) motor cortex.

Answer 38

A) medial temporal cortex.

Question 39

39. The \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the final stop in a major pathway leading from the cortex to the hippocampus.
 A) perirhinal cortex
 B) parahippocampal cortex
 C) entorhinal cortex
 D) orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 39

C) entorhinal cortex

Question 40

40. The three cortical regions, in addition to the hippocampus and amygdala, that take part in explicit
    memory are the:
    A) entorhinal, parahippocampal, and occipital cortices.
    B) entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices.
    C) frontal, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortices.
    D) parietal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices.

Answer 40

B) entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices.

Question 41

41. Which of the following areas is most likely involved in visuospatial memory?
 A) basal ganglia
 B) parahippocampal region
 C) perirhinal region
 D) limbic region

Answer 41

B) parahippocampal region

Question 42

42. Which of the following areas first shows cell death in Alzheimer’s disease?
 A) hippocampus
 B) entorhinal cortex
 C) perirhinal cortex
 D) parahippocampal cortex

Answer 42

B) entorhinal cortex

Question 43

43. Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are often found in patients with:
 A) herpes encephalitis.
 B) Huntington’s disease.
 C) Parkinson’s disease.
 D) Alzheimer’s disease.

Answer 43

D) Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 44

44. Recent research has suggested that Alzheimer’s disease may be due to:
    A) genetic defects.
    B) poor diet.
    C) a series of microbleeds in the brain.
    D) exposure to carbon monoxide.

Answer 44

C) a series of microbleeds in the brain.

Question 45

45. Alzheimer’s disease:
    A) can be positively diagnosed only at autopsy.
    B) is characterized by cortical plaques.
    C) is associated with a loss of cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain.
    D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 45

D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 46

46. Which of the following areas is most likely to play a role in visual object memory?
 A) parahippocampal region
 B) limbic lobe
 C) perirhinal region
 D) basal ganglia

Answer 46

C) perirhinal region

Question 47

47. In recent studies the hippocampus has been implicated in:
 A) memory for faces.
 B) visual object memory.
 C) memory for places.
 D) verbal memory.

Answer 47

C) memory for places.

Question 48

48. Monkeys with perirhinal lesions are impaired at ______ , and monkeys with hippocampal lesions
    are impaired at _____.
    A) object position tasks; visual recognition tasks
    B) visual recognition tasks; object position tasks
    C) spatial learning; verbal learning
    D) visual recognition; episodic memory

Answer 48

B) visual recognition tasks; object position tasks

Question 49

49. Sherry and colleagues have found that birds that cache food for the winter:
    A) have a hippocampal formation that is more than twice as large as one would expect, given the
    size of the bird.
    B) have hippocampal formations that are the same size as those of other birds.
    C) have a hippocampal formation that is more than ten times as large as one would expect, given
    the size of the bird.
    D) have smaller hippocampal formations than those of birds that do not cache.

Answer 49

A) have a hippocampal formation that is more than twice as large as one would expect, given the
size of the bird.

Question 50

50. Maguire and colleagues found that London taxi drivers \_\_\_\_\_\_ than controls.
 A) had larger frontal lobes
 B) had a larger anterior hippocampus
 C) had a larger posterior hippocampus
 D) had a larger parietal cortex

Answer 50

C) had a larger posterior hippocampus

Question 51

If shown a series of photographs in a specific order, patients with ______ would not be able to
remember the photographs or the order they were presented in, and patients with ______ would
remember the photographs but would not be able to remember the order they were presented in.
A) frontal lobe damage; medial temporal lobe damage
B) medial temporal lobe damage; parietal lobe damage
C) medial temporal lobe damage; frontal lobe damage
D) frontal lobe damage; parietal lobe damage

Answer 51

C) medial temporal lobe damage; frontal lobe damage

Question 52

52. The frontal lobe appears to be involved in:
    A) spatial memory.
    B) memory for faces.
    C) verbal memory.
    D) memory for the temporal order of events.

Answer 52

D) memory for the temporal order of events.

Question 53

53. If a monkey has to remember the position of a light for a delay period after the light goes out,
    neurons in the ______ fire to help the monkey retain a memory trace.
    A) hippocampus
    B) prefrontal cortex
    C) inferior temporal cortex
    D) occipital cortex

Answer 53

B) prefrontal cortex

Question 54

54. If a monkey is trained to remember the position of a light after it goes out, the activity of neurons in
    the prefrontal cortex will:
    A) increase if the monkey forgets the position of the target.
    B) decrease if the monkey correctly remembers the position of the target.
    C) decrease if the monkey forgets the position of the target.
    D) not fire differentially to correct or incorrect responses.

Answer 54

C) decrease if the monkey forgets the position of the target.

Question 55

55. In monkeys, cells in the prefrontal cortex will fire during a:
 A) delayed-alternation task.
 B) delayed-matching-to-sample task.
 C) delayed-response task.
 D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 55

D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 56

56. Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome usually have:
    A) a thiamine deficiency.
    B) atrophy of the frontal lobes.
    C) a deficit in implicit memory only.
    D) a thiamine deficiency and atrophy of the frontal lobes.

Answer 56

D) a thiamine deficiency and atrophy of the frontal lobes.

Question 57

57. Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome often have damage to:
    A) the medial thalamus.
    B) the mammillary bodies.
    C) both the medial thalamus and the mammillary bodies.
    D) the hippocampus.

Answer 57

C) both the medial thalamus and the mammillary bodies.

Question 58

58. Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome have problems with:
 A) explicit memory.
 B) implicit memory.
 C) both explicit and implicit memory.
 D) only autobiographical memories.

Answer 58

C) both explicit and implicit memory.

Question 59

59. Early research with patient H. M. demonstrated that the hippocampus:
    A) was the storage site for all long-term memories.
    B) was the storage site for all short-term memories.
    C) played a critical role in memory consolidation.
    D) played no important role in memory.

Answer 59

C) played a critical role in memory consolidation.

Question 60

60. Mishkin and his colleagues have hypothesized that the \_\_\_\_\_\_ is(are) central to implicit memory.
 A) hippocampus
 B) basal ganglia
 C) frontal lobes
 D) medial temporal cortex

Answer 60

B) basal ganglia

Question 61

61. According to Mishkin and colleagues, which patient group would most likely have the worst
    implicit memory performance?
    A) patients with Parkinson’s disease
    B) patients with damage to the hippocampus
    C) patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex
    D) patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 61

A) patients with Parkinson’s disease

Question 62

62. It has been argued that emotional memory involves which of the following structures?
 A) thalamus
 B) hypothalamus
 C) amygdala
 D) thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 62

C) amygdala

Question 63

63. Which of the following is not part of the neural circuit for emotional memories?
 A) amygdala
 B) basal ganglia
 C) hypothalamus
 D) cerebellum

Answer 63

D) cerebellum

Question 64

64. Which nucleus of the amygdala is critical for creating emotional memories?
 A) the central nucleus
 B) the lateral nucleus
 C) the basolateral nucleus
 D) the dorsal nucleus

Answer 64

C) the basolateral nucleus

Question 65

65. The notion that memory storage might involve changes in the structure of synapses was first put
forward by:
 A) Santiago Ramón y Cajal
 B) Camillo Golgi
 C) Donald Hebb
 D) Wilder Penfield

Answer 65

A) Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Question 66

66. Long-term potentiation (LTP) involves repeated:
    A) high-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a long-lasting increase in synaptic
    effectiveness.
    B) low-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a long-lasting increase in synaptic
    effectiveness.
    C) high-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a short-term increase in synaptic
    effectiveness.
    D) high-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a long-lasting decrease in synaptic
    effectiveness.

Answer 66

A) high-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a long-lasting increase in synaptic
effectiveness.

Question 67

67. Long-term depression (LTD) involves repeated:
    A) high-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a long-lasting increase in synaptic
    effectiveness.
    B) low-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a long-lasting decrease in synaptic
    effectiveness.
    C) high-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a short-term decrease in synaptic
    effectiveness.
    D) high-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a long-lasting decrease in synaptic
    effectiveness.

Answer 67

B) low-frequency electrical stimulation resulting in a long-lasting decrease in synaptic
effectiveness.

Question 68

68. During LTP_____ enters postsynaptic NMDA receptors to begin a chain of events that lead to an
    increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors.
    A) Ca2+
    B) Na+
    C) Cl–
    D) K+

Answer 68

A) Ca2+

Question 69

69. Which neurotransmitter is needed to activate NMDA and AMPA receptors?
 A) GABA
 B) glutamate
 C) acetylcholine
 D) dopamine

Answer 69

B) glutamate

Question 70

For a postsynaptic NMDA receptor to be activated:
A) glutamate must bind to it.
B) the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.
C) glutamate must bind to it and the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.
D) acetylcholine must bind to it and the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.

Answer 70

C) glutamate must bind to it and the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.

Question 71

71. For a postsynaptic AMPA receptor to become activated:
    A) glutamate must bind to it.
    B) the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.
    C) glutamate must bind to it and the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.
    D) acetylcholine must bind to it and the postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized.

Answer 71

A) glutamate must bind to it.

Question 72

71. Changes in dendritic morphology:
    A) occur spontaneously over days or weeks.
    B) indirectly represent new connections between widely separated brain regions.
    C) imply the addition or subtraction of synapses.
    D) imply new circuitry.

Answer 72

C) imply the addition or subtraction of synapses.

Question 73

72. Research suggests that LTP increases synaptic effectiveness by:
    A) increasing the size of axons.
    B) increasing the firing rate of presynaptic neurons.
    C) increasing the number of synapses on postsynaptic dendrites.
    D) decreasing the amount of glutamate released by presynaptic neurons.

Answer 73

A) increasing the size of axons.

Question 74

73. Bromode-oxyuridine (BrdU) experiments have found that new neurons have been generated in the
    adult mammalian brain. These neurons migrate to the:
    A) frontal lobes.
    B) olfactory bulbs.
    C) hippocampus.
    D) All of these answers are correct.

Answer 74

D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 75

74. Woollett and Maguire conducted MRI scans on people before and after the subjects underwent
    training to become a London taxi driver. The results of the study demonstrated that:
    A) prior to training, those who later became taxi drivers had larger hippocampi.
    B) there was no correlation between succeeding or failing to become a taxi driver and the size of
    the hippocampus.
    C) those who became taxi drivers showed an increase in hippocampal volume from pretest to
    posttest.
    D) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 75

C) those who became taxi drivers showed an increase in hippocampal volume from pretest to
posttest.

Question 76

75. If you want to increase children’s ability to learn later in life, a good option would be to:
    A) get them involved in sports.
    B) teach them to play a musical instrument.
    C) encourage them to read often.
    D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 76

D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 77

76. Enriched environments in adult rats have been shown to increase the number of:
 A) neurons.
 B) synapses.
 C) blood capillaries.
 D) synapses and blood capillaries.

Answer 77

D) synapses and blood capillaries.

Question 78

77. Cortical representation of motor parts (e.g., fingers):
    A) is fixed during development.
    B) can be altered by experience.
    C) can be altered by amputation of a limb.
    D) can be altered by both experience and amputation of a limb.

Answer 78

D) can be altered by both experience and amputation of a limb.

Question 79

78. The phenomenon of phantom limb after amputation can most easily be explained by:
    A) encroachment of the denervated cortex area by some other part of the body. Thus when that
    part of the body is stimulated, the brain is tricked into thinking that the limb still exists.
    B) stimulation of the nerve endings of the stump.
    C) collateral stimulation of the thalamus.
    D) degeneration of the cortical area representing the lost limb.

Answer 79

A) encroachment of the denervated cortex area by some other part of the body. Thus when that
part of the body is stimulated, the brain is tricked into thinking that the limb still exists.

Question 80

79. Your friend Devin (who is left-handed) has played the electric guitar for almost 20 years. If you
    conducted an MRI scan of Devin’s brain, you would expect to see an increase in the size of his:
    A) hand region in motor cortex in the left hemisphere.
    B) basal ganglia in the left hemisphere.
    C) hand region in motor cortex in the right hemisphere.
    D) cerebellum in the right hemisphere.

Answer 80

C) hand region in motor cortex in the right hemisphere.

Question 81

80. Research by Scheibel and colleagues found that dendritic branching increased in\_\_\_\_\_ in people
with high levels of education.
 A) Wernicke’s area
 B) Broca’s area
 C) the hippocampus
 D) the motor cortex

Answer 81

A) Wernicke’s area

Question 82

81. A(n) ______ leads to an increase in the number of dendritic spines, and a(n) ______ leads to a
    decrease in dendritic spines.
    A) increase in estrogen; decrease in estrogen
    B) decrease in estrogen; increase in estrogen
    C) increase in testosterone; decrease in testosterone
    D) decrease in testosterone; increase in testosterone

Answer 82

A) increase in estrogen; decrease in estrogen

Question 83

82. Prolonged exposure to the hormones called glucocorticoids:
    A) increases dendritic branching in the hippocampus.
    B) kills cells in the hippocampus.
    C) decreases glial numbers.
    D) increases spatial memory.

Answer 83

B) kills cells in the hippocampus.

Question 84

83. Neurotrophic factors:
 A) reorganize neural circuits.
 B) are produced by neurons.
 C) are produced by glial cells.
 D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 84

D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 85

84. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF):
    A) increases the number of new neurons.
    B) increases myelination.
    C) increases the size of axons.
    D) increases the number of dendrites and synapses.

Answer 85

D) increases the number of dendrites and synapses.

Question 86

85. One of your friends routinely uses study pills (i.e., Ritalin) to help him stay awake and pull allnighters
    during exam time. Normally if he takes a small dose he is fine, but lately when he takes
    the same dose he gets extremely agitated and cannot sit still. The same dose is having a larger
    effect on him than it used to. This is an example of:
    A) drug addiction.
    B) tolerance.
    C) behavioral sensitization.
    D) withdrawal.

Answer 86

C) behavioral sensitization.

Question 87

86. If rats are given cocaine for 2 weeks prior to being placed in a complex environment, there is:
    A) an increase in dendritic length and dendritic spine density.
    B) a decrease in dendritic length and dendritic spine density.
    C) no change in dendritic length and dendritic spine density.
    D) an increase in the number of new axons.

Answer 87

C) no change in dendritic length and dendritic spine density.

Question 88

87. Repeated exposure to amphetamine or cocaine:
    A) decreases spine density in the frontal cortex.
    B) results in a lesser response over time.
    C) results in a long-lasting change in the brain.
    D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 88

C) results in a long-lasting change in the brain.

Question 89

88. After brain damage, new connections can be encouraged by:
    A) pharmacological intervention.
    B) behavior therapy.
    C) both behavior therapy and pharmacological intervention.
    D) neither behavior therapy nor pharmacological intervention.

Answer 89

C) both behavior therapy and pharmacological intervention.

Question 90

89. Administration of \_\_\_\_\_\_ has been shown to help improve recovery from brain injury in animals.
 A) L-dopa
 B) steroids
 C) nerve growth factor
 D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 90

C) nerve growth factor

Question 91

90. Transplanting brain tissue:
    A) works as well as transplanting other organs.
    B) effectively reverses Parkinson’s disease.
    C) is especially effective in the cortex.
    D) is not a very effective technique.

Answer 91

D) is not a very effective technique.

Question 92

91. Brain tissue transplant has shown some promise in treating:
 A) Alzheimer’s disease.
 B) Huntington’s disease.
 C) anterograde amnesia.
 D) Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 92

D) Parkinson’s disease.

Question 93

92. In animal models, the administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) following a stroke has been
shown to:
 A) stimulate dendritic growth.
 B) increase the number of new neurons.
 C) have no effects on recovery.
 D) decrease tissue inflammation.

Answer 93

A) stimulate dendritic growth.

Question 94

93. Injecting epidermal growth factor into the ventricle of a live animal:
    A) produces only progenitor cells.
    B) will produce functional regrowth in a brain-damaged animal.
    C) produces cells that eventually differentiate into neurons and glia.
    D) produces only cells that turn into glia.

Answer 94

C) produces cells that eventually differentiate into neurons and glia.