Chapter 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Question 1

_______ is the study of the cause of a disease.

Answer 1

Etiology

Question 1

_______ is the development of disease.

Answer 1

Pathogenesis

Question 2

_______ is the study of disease.

Answer 2

Pathology

Question 3

________ is an abnormal state/condition in which the body is not performing normal functions.

Answer 3

Disease

Question 4

_______ is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens.

Answer 4

Infection

Question 4

________ are microbes that are always present in/on the human host.

Answer 4

Normal Microbiota

Question 5

________ is a disease caused by a pathogen.

Answer 5

Infectious Disease

Question 6

______ is the relationship microbe and the host.

Answer 6

Symbiosis

Question 6

_______ is the relationship where both organisms benefit.

Answer 6

Mutualism

Question 6

__________ is a disease not caused by a pathogen.

Answer 6

Non-infectious disease

Question 7

_____ are microbes that take up temporary residence and remain in the body for only hours to months.

Answer 7

Transient Microbiota

Question 8

_______ is the relationship when one organism benefits while the other is unaffected.

Answer 8

Commensalism

Question 9

______ is the relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other.

Answer 9

Parasitism

Question 10

_______ are used to determine the cause of an infectious disease, specific pathogen -> specific
disease.

Answer 10

Koch’s Postulates

Question 11

______ are changes in body function that are felt by a patient. These changes are not observable nor are they measurable, such as pain and fatigue.

Answer 11

Symptoms

Question 12

______ are changes in the body that can be measured or observed, such as weight, temperature, and blood pressure.

Answer 12

Signs

Question 13

______ is a disease that is spread from one host to another. An example of _______ is Chickenpox.

Answer 13

Communicable Disease

Question 14

_______ is a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.

Answer 14

Syndrome

Question 15

______ is a type of communicable disease that is easily and rapidly spread.

Answer 15

Contagious Disease

Question 16

________ is a disease that does not spread from one host to another. An example of _______ is tetanus and diabetes.

Answer 16

Noncommunicable Disease

Question 17

_______ is the number of people who develop a disease during a specific time period.

Answer 17

Incidence

Question 18

_______ is the number of people who develop a disease at a certain time regardless of when it first appeared and takes into account both old and new cases

Answer 18

Prevalence

Question 19

________ is a disease that occurs only occasionally, random manner, and with no pattern of disease. Ex: Mad Cow Disease

Answer 19

Sporadic Disease

Question 20

______ is a disease that is consistently present in a population. Ex: Malaria

Answer 20

Endemic Disease

Question 21

_______ is a disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time that spreads quickly. Ex: Influenza

Answer 21

Epidemic Disease (Outbreak)

Question 22

_______ is a worldwide/global epidemic. Ex: Covid-19

Answer 22

Pandemic Disease

Question 23

_______ has symptoms that develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time.

Answer 23

Acute Disease

Question 24

_______ has symptoms develop slowly and last a long time.

Answer 24

Chronic/Persistent disease

Question 25

________ are intermediate between acute and chronic.

Answer 25

Subacute disease

Question 26

________ occurs when a causative agent is inactive for a time, but then activates and produces symptoms.

Answer 26

Latent Disease

Question 27

______ is immunity where an entire population is protected and is accomplished through vaccination. This occurs because if most of the population is immunized, then they are less likely to get sick and infect non-immunized people.

Answer 27

Herd Immunity

Question 28

______ occurs when pathogens are limited to a small area of the body. Ex: Skin Infection

Answer 28

Local Infection

Question 29

_________ occurs when an infection is spread throughout the body.

Answer 29

Systemic (generalized) Infection

Question 30

_______ is the uncontrollable spread of a pathogen in the blood and is a life-threatening condition.

Answer 30

Sepsis/Septicemia

Question 31

_____ occurs when bacteria are in the blood.

Answer 31

Bacteremia

Question 32

________ occurs when toxins are in the blood

Answer 32

Toxemia

Question 33

________ occurs when viruses are in the blood

Answer 33

Viremia

Question 34

______ are acute infection that causes the initial illness. Ex: HIV/AIDS

Answer 34

Primary Infection

Question 35

______ are caused by opportunistic pathogens after a [primary infection. Ex: AIDS-related opportunistic infections.

Answer 35

Secondary Infection

Question 36

Gender, Age, Lifestyle, Inherited traits, Climate, Weather, and poor sanitary conditions are all known as ________.

Answer 36

Predisposing Factors

Question 37

_______ has no signs and symptoms present. This is the interval between the initial infection and the first signs and symptoms.

Answer 37

Incubation

Question 38

_______ has early, mild symptoms and is after incubation. This is the first appearance of signs and symptoms.

Answer 38

Prodromal Period

Question 39

_______ has the most severe signs and symptoms.

Answer 39

Period of Illness

Question 40

_____ leads to either a period of decline or death. ______ also is the stage where Ab titer is the highest.

Answer 40

Peak of Illness

Question 41

_______ are where signs and symptoms subside.

Answer 41

Period of Decline

Question 42

_______ is when the body returns to its pre-diseased state.

Answer 42

Period of Convalescence/Recovery

Question 43

________ are the continual sources of infection. (where is the pathogen found? )

Answer 43

Reservoir

Question 44

Sick people or "carriers" with no signs and symptoms are known as ________.

Answer 44

Human Reservoir

Question 45

The source of infection that comes from creatures is known as _______.

Answer 45

Animal Reservoirs

Question 46

Contaminated inanimate objects such as soil, air, water, and food are known as ________.

Answer 46

Non-living reservoirs

Question 47

_______ requires a close association (touching) between the infected person and the susceptible host.

Answer 47

Direct Contact Transmission

Question 48

______ spreads to the host by a contaminated non-living object called a fomite (ex: contaminated doorknob, utensils, etc.)

Answer 48

Indirect Contact Transmission

Question 49

________ is the transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

Answer 49

Droplet Transmission

Question 50

______ is transmitted by a contaminated inanimate reservoir.

Answer 50

Vehicle Transmission

Question 51

_______ transmission via airborne droplets more than 1 meter.

Answer 51

Vehicle Transmission airborne

Question 52

_______ is accomplished by arthropods, such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes, where pathogens can be in or on them.

Answer 52

Vector Transmission

Question 53

_______ occurs when an arthropod vector carries a pathogen on the outside of its body. This is known as the "passive transport" of pathogens.

Answer 53

Mechanical Vector Transmission

Question 54

________ occurs when an arthropod vector supports the life cycle of pathogens inside of its body. The pathogens are transmitted via bites and are also called "active transport" of pathogens.

Answer 54

Biological Vector Transmission

Question 55

_______ is an infection acquired in the hospital/clinical environment.

Answer 55

Healthcare-Associated Infections

Question 56

Improperly cleaned healthcare settings and weakened immune status of the host are _______.

Answer 56

Sources of Healthcare-Associated Infections

Question 57

_______ occur from improper sterilization of surgical equipment.

Answer 57

Surgical Site Infections

Question 58

______ can happen from contaminated respiratory devices.

Answer 58

Pneumonia

Question 59

_________ can happen from contaminated equipment from GI surgery.

Answer 59

C. difficile Infections

Question 60

surgical wounds are caused by _______.

Answer 60

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 61

diarrhea after abdominal surgery is caused by _________.

Answer 61

Clostridium difficile

Question 62

_________ collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States.

Answer 62

CDC

Question 63

________ is the number of people or incidence of a specific notifiable disease.

Answer 63

Morbidity

Question 64

________ is the number of deaths from notifiable disease.

Answer 64

Mortality

Question 65

________ are diseases in which physicians are required by law to report the occurrence to the CDC.

Answer 65

Nationally Notifiable Infectious Disease

Question 66

Gonorrhea, HIV infection, and Syphilis are all examples of ________.

Answer 66

Nationally Notifiable Infectious Disease