Chapter 16 - Innate Immunity

Question 1

______ protects the human host.

Answer 1

Immune System

Question 2

_______ is the ability to fight-off (get rid of) pathogens and prevent disease.

Answer 2

Immunity

Question 3

______ is when a host has immunity and is resilient to pathogens.

Answer 3

Resistance

Question 4

______ is when the host lacks immunity and is at risk of developing a disease.

Answer 4

Susceptibility

Question 5

_______ is the ability of the host to remove pathogens to prevent disease.

Answer 5

Host defenses

Question 6

If host defenses are successful, that means that the host has _____.

Answer 6

Immunity

Question 7

If host defenses are NOT successful, that means that the host becomes _______.

Answer 7

Diseased

Question 8

_________ is immune/resistant to ANY pathogen and is known as “Non-specific” immunity.

Answer 8

Innate Immunity

Question 9

________ is immune/resistant to a SPECIFIC pathogen and is known as “Specific” Immunity

Answer 9

Adaptive Immunity

Question 10

______ is present at birth, has a rapid immune response, and is composed of the 1st and 2nd Lines of Host Desenses.

Answer 10

Innate Immunity

Question 11

________ has host defenses that are developed over time to handle specific microbes, have a slower immune response, and are composed of the 3rd Line of Host Defense.

Answer 11

Adaptive Immunity

Question 12

________ consists of packed and multiple layers of epithelial cells with keratin protein in the top layer and dry.

Answer 12

Intact Skin - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 13

_________ lines gastrointestinal, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. _______ also secretes a thick fluid that traps pathogens.

Answer 13

Mucous Membrane - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 14

_________ are cells of the lower respiratory tract that have cilia. Cilia move together and sweep the mucus up and out of the body.

Answer 14

Ciliary Escalator - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 15

______ protects the eye and uses tears to act as a flushing mechanism for pathogens.

Answer 15

Lacrimal Apparatus - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 16

________ act as a flushing mechanism and wash away pathogens from the mouth, urethra, and reproductive area.

Answer 16

Saliva, Urine & Vaginal Secretions - 1st Line of Defense: Physical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 17

______ is slightly acidic (most bacteria don’t like an acidic environment).

Answer 17

Chemical Factors of Skin - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 18

_____ is salty (most bacteria are not salt-loving). _____ also has sebum which lowers the pH.

Answer 18

Chemical Factors of Skin - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 19

______ are found in body secretions such as sweat, tears, and saliva. ________ breakdown chemical bonds in peptidoglycan which destroys bacteria cell walls.

Answer 19

Lysozymes - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 20

________ are produced by the stomach and contain enzymes and acid that destroy most bacteria.

Answer 20

Gastric Juices - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 21

_______ are proteins that bind to iron. Iron is a micronutrient for bacteria, so if there is no iron for the bacteria, there will be no growth.

Answer 21

Blood Transferrins - 1st Line of Defense: Chemical Barrier (Innate Immunity)

Question 22

________ are organisms that benefit from the host, while the host remains unaffected. Example: microbes on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 22

Normal Microbiota (Commensal) - 1st Line of Defense: Biological Barriers (Innate Immunity)

Question 23

______ are microbes that provide something to the host. Example: vitamin K-producing bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 23

Normal Microbiota (Beneficial) - 1st Line of Defense: Biological Barriers (Innate Immunity)

Question 24

________ are microbes that act as pathogens when removed from their normal habitat.

Answer 24

Normal Microbiota (Opportunistic) - 1st Line of Defense: Biological Barriers (Innate Immunity)

Question 25

_________ is when normal microbiota outcompete pathogens leading to decreased populations of pathogenic bacteria.

Answer 25

Competitive Exclusion

Question 26

_________ is when normal microbiota takes up all the nutrients, multiply rapidly, and produces substances to harm invading pathogens.

Answer 26

Competitive Exclusion

Question 27

______ are cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma. _______ are created in red bone marrow stem cells via hematopoiesis. Examples of _______ are Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes.

Answer 27

Formed Elements in Blood - 2nd Line of Defense (Innate Immunity)

Question 28

_______ contains hemoglobin that binds to O2 and CO2.

Answer 28

Erythrocytes

Question 29

________ is involved in immune response.

Answer 29

Leukocytes

Question 30

_______ are cell fragments that aid in blood clotting upon injury.

Answer 30

Thrombocytes

Question 31

_________ leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible with a light microscope. Some examples of granulocytes are Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils.

Answer 31

Granulocytes

Question 32

______ are granulocytes that release histamine, which is involved in allergic responses/symptoms

Answer 32

Basophils

Question 33

_______ are granulocytes that produce toxins that are toxic against parasites and worms.

Answer 33

Eosinophils

Question 34

_______ are phagocytic granulocytes that work in the early stages of infection. They are the first to appear at the site of infection.

Answer 34

Neutrophils

Question 35

________ are leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm that are not visible with a light microscope.

Answer 35

Agranulocytes

Question 36

________ _ are agranulocytes that travel in the blood and will alter mature into macrophages in tissue, where they will become phagocytic.

Answer 36

Monocytes

Question 37

(N)EVER (L)ET (M)ONKEYS (E)AT (B)ANANAS

Answer 37

White Blood Cell Count

Question 38

_______ is the engulfment/ingestion of microbes or other substances by a phagocyte.

Answer 38

Phagocytosis

Question 39

_______ is a non-specific host cell capable of phagocytosis. Examples of _______ are Neutrophils, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells.

Answer 39

Phagocytes

Question 40

_______ release of chemical signals (cytokines) by pathogens to attract phagocytes

Answer 40

Chemotaxis (1st stage of phagocytosis)

Question 41

________ is the attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the pathogen.

Answer 41

Adherence (2nd stage of phagocytosis)

Question 42

________ is the engulfment of a pathogen to form a phagosome and merges with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome inside of a phagocyte.

Answer 42

Ingestion (3rd stage of phagocytosis)

Question 43

________ is when the pathogen is digested inside of a phagolysosome.

Answer 43

Digestion (4th stage of phagocytosis)

Question 44

________ are used to escape phagocytosis by appearing too big to be engulfed. Ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 44

Capsule

Question 45

_______ is used to escape phagocytosis as it is a pore-forming toxin that is capable of killing phagocytes. Ex. Genus Staphylococcus

Answer 45

Leukocidins

Question 46

______ is a waxy lipid that inhibits the lysosome enzymes of phagocytes. The bacteria multiply inside phagocytes and hide from the immune system.

Answer 46

Mycolic Acid

Question 47

Pain, Redness, Immobility, Swelling, and Heat are signs and symptoms of ________.

Answer 47

Inflammation

Question 48

______ is caused by the release of certain chemicals by leukocytes.

Answer 48

Pain

Question 49

_______ is when blood goes to the affected area.

Answer 49

Redness

Question 50

_________ is caused by the local loss of function in severe inflammation.

Answer 50

Immobility

Question 51

______ is due to the accumulation of fluids.

Answer 51

Swelling

Question 52

______ is caused by increased blood flow to the affected area.

Answer 52

Heat

Question 53

Increases metabolic rate, enhances immune response, and induces antimicrobial substances are all _______.

Answer 53

Consequences of Fever

Question 54

Serum proteins (complement proteins) enhance the immune system in destroying pathogens. Complement proteins act in a cascade (waterfall) manner called complement activation. This is apart of the _________.

Answer 54

Complement System

Question 55

_________ is when complement proteins coat the surface of a pathogen. This coating promotes the attraction of phagocytes to the pathogen.

Answer 55

Opsonization (outcome of complement activatio)

Question 56

_______ is when complement proteins bind to mast cells. The mast cells release histamines which increase blood vessel permiablility, making it leaky. This new permiablility allows phagocytes to leak through

Answer 56

Inflammation (outcome of complement activatio)

Question 57

_______ is when complement proteins create a membrane attack complex (MAC). MAC create holes in the pathogen's cell wall/membrane. This allows fluid to enter the pathogen and make it burst.

Answer 57

Cytolysis (outcome of complement activationn)

Question 58

Complement proteins cannot bind easily because of ________.

Answer 58

Capsule Production (Evasion of Complement System)

Question 59

Enzymes from bacteria prevent MAC assembly because of ________.

Answer 59

Inhibition of MAC formation(Evasion of Complement System)

Question 60

Bacteria produce protease which destroy bacteria.

Answer 60

Inactivation/destruction of complement protein (Evasion of Complement System)

Question 61

_______ are small proteins produced by some animal host cells upon animal viral infections. They cause/alert neighboring cells to highten their anti-viral defesnes.

Answer 61

Interferons