Chapter 17 - Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

________ are human defenses that develop late to handle a particular microbe. _______ can be acquired through infection or immunization.

Answer 1

Adaptive Immunity

Question 2

________ have specific recognition and response to a specific microbe. ________ also has immunological memory and has a slower immune response than Innate Immunity.

Answer 2

Adaptive Immunity

Question 3

_______ is the study of host defenses against foreign substances (antigens).

Answer 3

Immunology

Question 4

_______ is a substance that stimulates a certain immune response through antibody production. Examples of ______ are pathogens, foreign substances, and vaccines.

Answer 4

Antigen (Ag)

Question 5

________ are protective proteins made by the host in response to certain antigens. _______ are also known as immunoglobulins (Ig).

Answer 5

Antibody (Ab)

Question 6

________ attacks antigens that have entered the cell (intracellular Ag’s, animal virus present inside host cell)

Answer 6

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Question 6

________ fight invaders and threats outside of the cell (extracellular Ag’s and toxins)

Answer 6

Humoral Immunity

Question 7

______involves B cells which “indirectly” make antibodies that help destroy antigens

Answer 7

Humoral Immunity

Question 8

__________ produces T cells that recognize parts of antigens that get processed by phagocytes & will destroy the antigen.

Answer 8

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Question 9

_______ are external components that antibodies bind to at the surface of antigens

Answer 9

Antigenic Determinants

Question 10

________ binds to antigenic determinate and is found at the ends of the arms.

Answer 10

Variable Region

Question 11

_______ is the stem of the antibody.

Answer 11

Constant Region

Question 12

_________ is a monomer, the most abundant Ig in the blood, lives for several weeks, and can be found in the blood, lymph, and intestine.

Answer 12

IgG

Question 13

_______ crosses the placenta (transplacental passage), enhances phagocytosis, and neutralizes toxins and viruses

Answer 13

IgG

Question 14

_______ is a pentamer, the largest antibody, and remains in blood vessels.

Answer 14

IgM

Question 15

_______ causes clumping (agglutination) of microbes and is the primary response to an infection.

Answer 15

IgM

Question 15

________ is mostly a dimer in secretions, the most abundant in the body is common on mucous membrane surfaces and in secretions.

Answer 15

IgA

Question 16

_________ prevents microbial attachment of pathogens to mucous membranes.

Answer 16

IgA

Question 17

_______ is a monomer, can be found in blood, lymph, on B cells, and is involved in self-tolerance. Self-tolerance is the ability to tolerate yourself so the immune system doesn’t attack itself.

Answer 17

IgD

Question 18

________ causes the release of histamines from mast cells and destroys parasitic worm infections.

Answer 18

IgE

Question 18

_______ is a monomer, that can be found on mast cells, basophils, and in blood.

Answer 18

IgE

Question 19

_______ is the process of B cell activation. Surface immunoglobulins on B cells recognize a specific Ag which means that B call now gets selected

Answer 19

Clonal Selection

Question 20

_________ happen when the “selected” B cell proliferates into a clone of activated B cells that will now differentiate into:
Memory B cells give rise to Plasma cells which create antibodies.

Answer 20

Clonal expansion

Question 20

______ forms when Ab’s bind to Ag’s.

Answer 20

Ag-Ab complex (Immune Complex)

Question 21

_______ is when IgM causes clumping of microbes to later be "eaten" by a phagocyte.

Answer 21

Agglutination

Question 22

_______ is when IgG attaches to the antigen and enhances phagocytosis.

Answer 22

Opsonization

Question 23

________ is when IgG blocks the antigen from reaching the blood vessel wall. If IgG fails to bind to the antigen, then IgA that lines the blood vessel wall will bind to the antigen.

Answer 23

Neutralization

Question 24

_______ is when Immune complex forms, -> complement proteins bind to the stem of Ab -> complement proteins lyse the pathogen.

Answer 24

Activation of Complement

Question 25

_______ is when IgE attaches to the worm, forming an immune complex.

Answer 25

ADCC

Question 25

_________ activate TC cells that are involved in cell-mediated immunity. _______ also activates memory B cells that produce antibodies.

Answer 25

Helper T cells (TH cells)

Question 26

________ destroy target cells on contact by binding to the infected cell and releasing enzymes to make lesions on the infected cell.

Answer 26

Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells) aka: Killer T cells

Question 27

_______ suppresses/turns off immune response when it is not needed. This is needed to prevent your immune system from attacking itself.

Answer 27

Regulatory T cells (TR cells)

Question 28

_______ produces a delayed and exaggerated immune response that can occur from days to years.

Answer 28

Delayed Hypersensitivity T cells (TD cells)

Question 29

________ promotes a relatively "faster" and stronger immune response than the primary immune response as a result of 2nd encounter with the same antigen.

Answer 29

Memory T cells

Question 30

_______ are located in lymphoid tissue in the GI tract and present the digested pathogen to TH cells. Both ______ and TH cells release cytokines that lead to: TC cells getting activated and directly destroying infected host cells or B cells getting activated to produce antibodies.

Answer 30

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Question 30

________ is an example of an APC, activated by cytokines or the ingestion of pathogens. ______ migrate to the lymphoid tissue, engulf and present fragmented antigens to TH cells.

Answer 30

Macrophages

Question 31

______ are an example of an APC, which engulfs and degrades pathogens and presents them to TH cells. __________ are found in the skin.

Answer 31

Dendritic cells

Question 32

_______ are cells that belong to innate immunity and are involved in the destruction of extracellular parasites and worms, tumor cells, and animal virus-infected cells

Answer 32

Natural Killer cells (NK cells)

Question 33

________ occurs during the first exposure to antigen or vaccination. IgM is made first and peaks first. Memory cells will be produced for future activation.

Answer 33

Primary Immune Reponse

Question 34

________ occurs after the 2nd exposure to the same antigen and IgG is produced in higher quantities compared to IgM. ________ is more rapid and a stronger immune response than primary and lasts for days. The memory cells from the first exposure are activated by the second exposure cells.

Answer 34

Secondary Immune Response

Question 35

______ is the amount or concentration of antibodies in the serum.

Answer 35

Antibody Titer

Question 36

________ results from an infection.

Answer 36

Naturally acquired active immunity

Question 37

________ is acquired through transplacental or via breast milk.

Answer 37

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 38

________ is acquired through an injection of vaccination.

Answer 38

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 39

________ is acquired through an injection of antibodies.

Answer 39

Artificially acquired passive immunity