Chapter 14 - RNA

Question 1

Differences between DNA and RNA (3)

Answer 1

• DNA uses Thymine (T) and RNA uses Uracil (U)
• DNA uses deoxyribose and RNA uses ribose
• DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded

Question 2

mRNA

Answer 2

Messenger RNA and is the complimentary RNA strand to a gene on the DNA

Question 3

rRNA

Answer 3

Combines with proteins to make up the ribosome

Question 4

tRNA

Answer 4

Brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome and matches the mRNA sequence

Question 5

Transcription

Answer 5

• The process by which a mRNA complimentary strand is made for a gene
• DNA is used as a template to create the RNA

Question 6

What enzyme creates the complimentary mRNA strand?

Answer 6

RNA polymerase

Question 7

Promoter

Answer 7

A portion of DNA that RNA polymerase binds during the process of transcription

Question 8

How is mRNA processed in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 8

By removing the intron

Question 9

What is spliced back together on the mRNA?

Answer 9

Exons

Question 10

What is added to the mRNA to create a mature manuscript?

Answer 10

A cap and tail

Question 11

From the nucleus, where does the mRNA travel to?

Answer 11

The cytoplasm

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

The process by which the mRNA is used to create a protein

Question 13

How many bases make up a codon?

Answer 13

3

Question 14

AUG

Answer 14

• The start codon
• Codes for Methionine

Question 15

How many stop codons are there?

Answer 15

3

Question 16

Anticodon

Answer 16

On the tRNA strand and is complementary to the codon on the mRNA

Question 17

What does the tRNA bring to the ribosome where it is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain?

Answer 17

The correct amino acid

Question 18

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Answer 18

• Eukaryotes: Nucleus
• Prokaryotes: Cytoplasm

Question 19

The central dogma of molecular biology

Answer 19

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

Question 20

Where are genes that operate together located in prokaryotes?

Answer 20

The operon

Question 21

The lac operon encodes proteins needed to transport the disaccharide ____.

Answer 21

Lactose

Question 22

The operator region

Answer 22

The region of DNA where the lac repressor binds

Question 23

What does the lac repressor prevent RNA polymerase from binding, therefore preventing transcription?

Answer 23

The promoter region

Question 24

If lactose is present, what does the lac repressor change?

Answer 24

Shape

Question 25

Transcription factors

Answer 25

Proteins in eukaryotes that bind DNA sequences and control gene expression

Question 26

What do transcription factors bind?

Answer 26

The enhancer region of DNA and the TATA box

Question 27

Homeotic genes

Answer 27

Master control genes for development

Question 28

Homeobox genes

Answer 28

A portion of about 180-bases that are very similar between species

Question 29

Hox genes

Answer 29

The collection of homeobox genes in fruit flies

Question 30

Epigenetics

Answer 30

Control gene expression by wrapping the DNA tightly around the nucleosome

Question 31

What can also be an influence on gene expression?

Answer 31

The environment

Question 32

Mutation

Answer 32

A change that is made in the DNA when replicating

Question 33

What two things can mutations affect?

Answer 33

Gene sequences and chromosomes

Question 34

Point mutations

Answer 34

Involve one nucleotide changing within a gene

Question 35

Substitution

Answer 35

One nucleotide is replaced by another

Question 36

Insertion

Answer 36

One nucleotide is added to a gene

Question 37

Deletion (gene sequence)

Answer 37

One nucleotide is removed from a gene

Question 38

Deletion (chromosome)

Answer 38

One portion of the chromosome is removed

Question 39

Duplication

Answer 39

One portion of the chromosome is duplicated

Question 40

Inversion

Answer 40

- The order of a part of a chromosome is switched - Can occur during crossing over in meiosis

Question 41

Translocation

Answer 41

A portion of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome

Question 42

Mutagen

Answer 42

A chemical or physical agent in the environment that causes a mutation