Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Question 1

the 4 major parts of the brain

Answer 1

the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum

Question 2

the development of the brain and spinal cord begins with…

Answer 2

the ectoderm begining as a hollow neural tube

Question 3

The brain is protected by what 3 things?

Answer 3

cranial bones, cranila meninges (arachnoid, dura and pia matter), cerebrospinal fluid

Question 4

Blood flows to the brain via…

Answer 4

the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Question 5

Blood from the brain to the heart flows via..

Answer 5

the jugular viens

Question 6

protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by serving as a selective barrier to prevent passage of many substances from the blood to the brain

Answer 6

The blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Question 7

a clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia

Answer 7

cerebrospinal fluid (csf)

Question 8

CSF is stored in…

Answer 8

4 ventricles in the brain

Question 9

CSF is formed in…

Answer 9

The choriod plexus

Question 10

CSF is continously absorbed by arachnoid villa in the sagital blood sinus to maintain constant _____ and _____

Answer 10

volume and pressure

Question 11

continuous with the upper part of the spinal cord and contains portions of both motor and sensory tracts. Functional regions include nuclei that are reflex centers for regulation of heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccupping; the first three are considered vital reflexes

Answer 11

Medulla Oblongata

Question 12

What are the two strcutural regions of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 12

the pyramids and the inferior ovilary neurons

Question 13

Decussation of pyramids results in what?

Answer 13

neurons in the left cerebral cortex controlling skeletal muscles on the right side of the body and neurons in the right cerebral cortex controlling skeletal muscles on the left side

Question 14

relay impulses from proprioceptors to the cerebellum.

Answer 14

inferior olivary neurons

Question 15

What 3 things make up the brain stem?

Answer 15

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Question 16

located superior to the medulla. It connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain with one another by way of tracts. It relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. Also helps control respiration

Answer 16

the pons

Question 17

conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and regulates auditory and visual reflexes

Answer 17

the midbrain

Question 18

consists of small areas of gray matter interspersed among fibers of white matter and has both sensory and motor functions. It helps regulate muscle tone, alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals and is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep

Answer 18

reticular formation

Question 19

occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity and consists of two hemispheres and a central, constricted vermis

Answer 19

the cerebellum

Question 20

What attached the cerebellum to the brain stem?

Answer 20

3 cerebellar peduncles

Question 21

functions in the coordination of skeletal muscle contractions and in the maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance

Answer 21

the cerebellum

Question 22

located superior to the midbrain and contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses, except smell, to the cerebral cortex

Answer 22

the thalamus

Question 23

registers conscious recognition of pain and temperature and some awareness of light touch and pressure. Plays an essential role in cognition

Answer 23

the thalamus

Question 24

is found inferior to the thalamus, has four major regions , controls many body activities, and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

What are the four regions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 25

mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, and preoptic

Question 26

What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 26

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 27

lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei

Answer 27

the epithalamus

Question 28

secretes melatonin to influence diurnal cycles in conjunction with the hypothalamus

Answer 28

pineal gland

Question 29

located within the epithalamus these are involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors

Answer 29

habenular nuclei

Question 30

Parts of the diencephalon that can monitor chemical changes in the blood because they lack a blood-brain barrier

Answer 30

circumventricular organs (CVOs)

Question 31

function to coordinate homeostatic activities of the endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 31

CVOs