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A & P > Chapter 4: The Tissue Levle of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Tissue Levle of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of tissue in the human body

A

epithelial, connective, muscluar, nervous

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2
Q

points of contact between two cells

A

cell junctions

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3
Q

junctions that form fluid-tight seals between cells

A

tight junctions

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4
Q

junctions that are made of plaque and anchor cells together

A

adherens junctions

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5
Q

junctions that arecomposed of plaque and are linked by transmembrane glycoproteins that extend across a gap between adjacent cell membranes and link the cytoskeletons of cells together

A

desmosomes

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6
Q

connect cells to extracellular material such as the basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes

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7
Q

allow cells in a tissue to rapidly communicate through connexins, transmembrane protein channels that connect cells together

A

gap junctions

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8
Q

What are the major structual differences between epithilial and connective tissues?

A
  • number of cells in the matrix
  • prescence of blood vessels
  • epithilial is almost never covered by another tissue
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9
Q

how are epithelial cells arranged

A

in sheets

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10
Q

a single layer of flat, scale-like epithelial cells with a centered nucleus

A

simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium

A

present at sites of diffusion and filtration and secreation in serous membranes

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12
Q

a single layer of cube shaped cells with a central nucleus

A

simple cubiodal epithelium

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13
Q

function of simple cubiodal epithelium

A

secreation and absorption

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14
Q

single layer of column like cells with oval nuclei near the base

A

simple columnar epithelium

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15
Q

What are the two variations of simple columnar epithelium

A

non-ciliates (have microvilli) and ciliated

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16
Q

single layer of column like cells that may appear as several layers die to the fact that some do not reach the apical surface

A

pseudostratified epithelium

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17
Q

function of pseudostratified epithelium

A

absorption and secreation

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18
Q

which type of pseudostratified epithelium contains golblet cells that secrete mucous or sweep away mucous

A

cilated

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19
Q

epithelium that consists of several layers of cells in which the top layer of cells is flat, and the deeper layers of cells vary in shape from cuboidal to columnar

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
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20
Q

what does karatin do instratified squamous epithelium?

A

karantinized epithelium becomes tough, resisting friction and repelling bacteria

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21
Q

is a rare tissue consisting of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells whose function is mainly protective.

A

stratified cubiodal epithelium

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22
Q

consists of several layers of cells of which only the top layer is columnar. It is somewhat rare and functions in protection and secretion.

A
  1. Stratified columnar epithelium
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23
Q

type of epithilium with several layers of varying cells. Capable of stretching permiting distention of organs such as the bladder

A

Transitional epithiulium

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24
Q

is a single cell, or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion.

A

gland

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25
Q

ductless glands that secrete hormones into extracellular fluid

A

endocrine glands

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26
Q

glands that secrete products into ducts that empty at the epithelial surface

A

exocrine

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27
Q

how are multicellular glands classified

A

the shapes of the secretory portion with the degree of branching of the duct

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28
Q

glands that form the secretory products and discharge it by exocytosis

A

merocrine glands

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29
Q

glands that accumulate their secretary product at the apical surface of the secreting cell; that portion then pinches off from the rest of the cell to form the secretion with the remaining part of the cell repairing itself and repeating the process

A

apocrine

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30
Q

glands that accumulate the secretory product in the cytosol; when the cell dies, it and its products are discharged as the glandular secretion

A

holocrine glands

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31
Q

what are the two basic elements of connective tissue?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix that can be liqued, gelatenous, calcified, etc

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32
Q

connective tissue cells are derived from what?

A

mesenchyme

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33
Q

how are immature and mature cells in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue named?

A

immature- “blast”
mature- “cyte”

34
Q

cells that secrete fibers and matrix

A

fibroblasts

35
Q

cells that devolop from monocytes and are phagocytic

A

macrophages

36
Q

cells that develop into anti-body producuing B cells

A

plasma cells

37
Q

cells that poduce histamine; abundant along blood vessels

A

mast cells

38
Q

fat cells that store energy in the form of triglycerides

A

adipocytes

39
Q

white blood cells which are involved in immunity; easily migrate from one tissue to another

A

leukocytes

40
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans

A

substances found in the ground substance of the extrecellular matrix. Ex: hyularonic acid, keratin sulfate

41
Q

what is the funcation of ground substance in the extracellular matrix

A

it supports, binds, and provides a medium for the exchange of materials between the blood and cells, and is active in influencing cell functions.

42
Q

fucntion of fibers in the matrix

A

provide tissue strength and support

43
Q

tough fibers that are resistant to stretching; found in bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

A

collagen fibers

44
Q

fibers that provide both strengh and stretching capacity; found in skin, blood vessels and lungs

A

elastic fibers

45
Q

fibers that provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a strong, supporting network around fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers

A

reticular fibers

46
Q

found almost exclusively in the embryo, is the tissue form from which all other connective tissue eventually arises

A

mesenchyme

47
Q

tissue that is found in the umblical cord of the fetus

A

mucoid connective tissue (whartons jelly)

48
Q

classifications of mature connective tissue

A

loose, dense, cartilage, bone and blood

49
Q

tissue consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells. It forms the stroma of certain organs. It helps to bind together the cells of smooth muscle.

A

Reticular connective tissue

50
Q

consists of bundles of collagen fibers in a regular and orderly, parallel arrangement that confers great strength along long axis of fibers

A

dense regular connective tissue

51
Q

tissue contains collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged and is found in parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions

A

dense irregular connective tissue

52
Q

consists of elastic fibers and fibroblasts. It is quite strong and can recoil back to its original shape after being stretched. It is found in lung tissue and elastic arteries.

A

Elastic connective tissue

53
Q

consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate. Typically has no blood or nerve supply

A

cartilage

54
Q

weakest type of cartilage that has fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel-type matrix. It provides flexibility and support, and at joints it reduces friction and absorbs shock

A

Hyaline cartilage

55
Q

the strongest type of cartilage that does not contain a perichondrium. strong and rigid

A

Fibrous cartilage

56
Q

contains a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix. A perichondrium is present. It provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain organs

A

elastic cartilage

57
Q

consists of a matrix containing mineral salts and collagenous fibers and cells called osteocytes

A

Bones (osseous tissue)

58
Q

concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts that give bone its hardness and collagen fibers that give bone its strength

A

lamella

59
Q

are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes

A

lacunae

60
Q

canals containing processes of osteocytes that provide routes for nutrient and waste transport

A

canaliculi

61
Q

canal within bones that contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Haversian canal

62
Q

Spongy bones have what in place of osteons?

A

trabeculae

63
Q

consists of a liquid matrix called plasma and formed elements.

A

Blood (vascular tissue)

64
Q

Red blood cells that function mainly in transporting respiratory gases.

A

erythrocytes

65
Q

white blood cells that are involved in phagocytosis, immunity and allergic reactions

A

leukocytes

66
Q

blood cells that aid in clotting

A

platelets (thrombocytes)

67
Q

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

A

membranes

68
Q

membranes that line joints and contain only connective tissue

A

synovial membranes

69
Q

the connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane

A

lamina propria

70
Q

membranes that line cavities that open to the exterior, such as the gastrointestinal tract

A

mucous membranes

71
Q

membranes that line a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs that lie within the cavity

A

serous membranes

72
Q

membrane that covers the outside of the body (skin)

A

cutaneous membrane

73
Q

consists of fibers (cells) that are modified for contraction and thus provide motion, maintenance of posture, and heat production

A

muscle tissue

74
Q

muscle tissue that is striated, voluntary and attached to bones

A

skeletal

75
Q

muscle tissue that is striated, involuntary and forms the heart wall

A

cardiac

76
Q

muscle found in the walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels and viscera), is nonstriated, and is usually involuntary

A

smooth (visceral)

77
Q

consist of a cell body and two types of processes called dendrites and axons

A

neuron

78
Q

protect and support neurons and are often the sites of tumors of the nervous system

A

neuroglia

79
Q

the process of scar formation on a tissue

A

fibrosis

80
Q

what two types of tissue have a poor capacity for renewal

A

nervous and muscle

81
Q

what is granulation tissue

A

actively growing connective tissue that forms after an extensive injury

A & P (5 decks)

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