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A & P > Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Lipid bilayers

Provides isolation, protection, sensitivity and support; controls ent/exit or materials

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2
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid component of cytoplasm;distributes by diffusion

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

Provides stregnth and support; enables movement of cell structures and materials

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4
Q

Microvilli

A

Memebrane ext that contain microfilaments

Increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

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5
Q

Cilia

A

Membrane extensions that contain microtubules

Move materials over surface of cell

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6
Q

Flagella

A

Long, whip-like filament that moves cell through fluid

In humans only,found in sperm cells

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7
Q

Centrioles

A

Composed of microtubules; cylindrical structure

Essential for movement of chromosones during cell division

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA+proteins
fixed ribosomes bound to ER
Free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm

Synthesize proteins

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9
Q

Proteasomes

A

Cylindrical structures that contain proteases (protein-breaking enzymes)

Break down and recycle damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

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10
Q

ER

A

Network of membranous channels that extend throughout the cytoplasm; may be smooth or rough

Synthesizes secretory products; provide (IC) storage and transport

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11
Q

Smooth (ER)

A

Lacks attached ribsomes

Synthesize lipids and carbs

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12
Q

Rough (ER)

A

Has ribosomes attached to membrane

Packages newly synthesized proteins

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13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stacks of flattened memebranes that contain chambers

Stores, alters, packages secretory products

form lysosomes

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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes

remove damaged organelles or pathogens within cells

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15
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain degradative enzymes

Catabolize fats and other organic compounds; neutralize toxic compounds (hydrogen peroxide) generated in the process

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double memebrane with inner folds

95% of ATP produced

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA, nucleotids, enzymes and proteins

Control metabolism; stores and processes genetic information; controls protein synthesis

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

Contains DNA and RNA

Synthesizes RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits

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19
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Sensitive to specific extracellular materials that bind to them and trigger a change in a cell’s activity

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20
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Central pore/channel permits water, ions, and other solutes to pypass lipid portion of the cell membrane

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21
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Bind and transport solutes across cell membrane

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22
Q

Anchoring proteins

A

Attach cell memerane to other structures and stabilize its position

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23
Q

Recognition (identifier) proteins

A

Identify a cell as self or non self, normal or abnormal, to the immune system

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low cocentration of solutes

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25
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from low to high solute concentration

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26
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of material through a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure

27
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier proteins passively transport solutes down a concentration gradient

28
Q

Active transport

A

Carrier proteins actively transport solutes regardless of any concentration gradient (uses ATP)

29
Q

Endocytosis

A

Importing into cell; may be receptor mediated, pino or phagocytosis

30
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Movement of specific molecules inward by vesicles containing protein receptor sites; cell acquires bulk quantities

31
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Force of water movement into a given solution as a result of solute concentration “pull” force

32
Q

Hydostatic pressure

A

Pushing against a fluid; opposes osmotic pressure

33
Q

Histones

A

Protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled

34
Q

Chromatin

A

Tangle of the fine DNA filaments

35
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Assembly of protein ribosomes; 2 steps; transcription and translation

36
Q

Transcription

A

RNA polymerase (COPIES DNA sequence and makes it RNA requence) binds to a gene and promotes synthesis of an mRNA strand; creates sequence complementary to DNA

37
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of new proteins using mRNA information; tRNA delivers amino acids

38
Q

Mitosis

A

Ordinary cell division

39
Q

Meiosis

A

Sexual cell division

40
Q

Interphase

A

Time between cell divisions

41
Q

G1 Phase

A

Interphase where cell grows and performs its normal functions; organelles are duplicated

42
Q

S phase

A

DNA is replicated in the nucleus (6-8hrs)

43
Q

G2 phase

A

rapid cell growth; protein synthesis, centriole replication (2-5 hrs)

44
Q

M phase

A

mitosis; formation of 2 identical nuclei

45
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm into 2 distinct cells; begins in late anaphase

46
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

47
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms/attaches to chromatids, pairs of centrioles go to poles

48
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell along metaphase plate

49
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromere splits, chromatids seperate, daughter chromosomes go to opposite cells

50
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membranes start to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers fall apart

51
Q

Centromere

A

Region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids attach

52
Q

Chromatid

A

One half of a duplicated chromosome

53
Q

Hemolysis

A

Rupture of red blood cells

54
Q

Crenation

A

Shinking of RBCs

55
Q

Isotonic

A

Concentration of 2 solutions is the same

56
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution with lower solute concentration

57
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution with high solute concentration

58
Q

Malaria

A

Most infectious disease; cauzed by protozoa

59
Q

Phospholipid membrane

A

Allows lipid soluble molecules to cross (O2 and CO2) but not ions and water soluble compounds

60
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration from one another

61
Q

Intracelluar cation

A

Potassium (K+)

62
Q

Extracellular cation

A

Sodium (Na+)

63
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

64
Q

Crystalloids vs colloids

A

Both volume expanders

Crystalloids- aqueous solutions of mineral salts or other water soluble molecules

Colloids- Larger insoluble molecules such as gelatin; blood

A & P (5 decks)

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