Chapter 14: The Somatic Nervous System (Quiz)

Question 1

Contrast sensation and perception.

Answer 1

Sensation: The conscious or unconscious awareness of stimuli.

Perception: The conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations.

Question 2

List the 4 conditions that must be satisfied for a sensation to occur.

Answer 2

1. Stimulation of a sensory receptor.
2. Conversion of the stimulus into graded potential.
3. Conduction of the impulse
4. Translation of the impulse by a region of the brain.

Question 3

What is meant by adaptation to the senses?

Answer 3

A decreased sensitivity to the same stimulus.

Question 4

What are proprioceptors?

what do they provide info about?

Answer 4

Receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about position and movement.

Question 5

What do mechanoreceptors do? Provide examples of stimuli they detect.

Answer 5

They detect mechanical deformation in response to a stimuli.
Ex: Touch, pressure, vibration, hearing, blood pressure.

Question 6

How are cutaneous sensations generated?

stim

Answer 6

When the surface of the skin is stimulated.

Question 7

What are the 4 tactile sensations?

TPVI

Answer 7

1. Touch
2. Pressure
3. Vibration
4. Itch and Tickle

Question 8

What are corpuscles of touch (Meissner’s corpuscles), and where are they located?

dermal

Answer 8

They are discriminative touch receptors located in the dermal papillae of the skin.

Question 9

Name and describe the pain receptors.

Answer 9

Nociceptors are the branching ends of the dendrites of some neurons. They are free nerve endings.

Question 10

What is referred pain?

Answer 10

It is a pain sensation that the brain projects back to some location other than where the pain originates.

Question 11

Identify the specific locations where the receptors of the olfactory sense are found.

Answer 11

The receptors of the olfactory sense are found in the nasal epithelium in the superior region of the nasal cavity, on either side of the nasal septum.

Question 12

Describe the cells that act as the olfactory sensors.

Answer 12

Olfactory cells are first order neurons.
Olfactory hairs are cilia projecting from the end of the neuron. They detect inhaled compounds.

Question 13

Describe olfactory tracts.

think of the pathways (4 locations)

Answer 13

They are axons of olfactory neurons that lead from the olfactory bulbs to the cerebrum. A second pathway extends to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex.

Question 14

Identify the location of the taste buds.

Answer 14

Taste buds are located on the tongue, soft palate, and walls of the pharynx and larynx.

Question 15

Which cells in the taste buds provide the sense of taste?

Answer 15

Gustatory receptor cells.

Question 16

What are the 5 primary taste sensations?

Answer 16

1. Sour
2. Salty
3. Bitter
4. Sweet
5. Umami

Question 17

What are the functions of the eyelids?

Answer 17

To shade and protect the eyes, and to spread lubricating secretions over the surface of the eye.

Question 18

What is the function of the lacrimal glands?

Answer 18

To produce tears.

Question 19

List in order (from in to out) the 3 layers of the eyeball.

FVN

Answer 19

1. Fibrous Tunic (Sclera + Cornea)
2. Vascular Tunic (Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris)
3. Nervous tunic (Retina)

Question 20

Name 2 parts of the ciliary body, and describe the functions.

Answer 20

1. Ciliary processes - secrete aqueous humor.
2. Ciliary muscle - changes the shape of the lens.

Question 21

Name (from inside to outside) the 3 layers of neurons found in the retina.

GBP

Answer 21

1. Ganglion layer.
2. Bipolar layer
3. Photoreceptor layer

Question 22

Describe the meaning of accommodation of the lens.

Answer 22

Refers to the changes in curvature of the lens of the eye, which changes focus from near to distant objects and vice versa.

Question 23

Define: Photopigment

development of…

Answer 23

A substance that absorbs light and undergoes structural changes that lead to the development of a generator potential.

Question 24

What is rhodopsin?

O + R

Answer 24

A photopigment found in rod cells. It consists of opsin and retinal.

Question 25

What is the function of the cones?

Answer 25

To enable vision in bright light and the perception of colour.

Question 26

What is the optic tract? ## Footnote chai

Answer 26

A collection of axons of ganglion cells from the retina after they pass through the optic chiasm.

Question 27

Identify the auditory ossicles, and describe their function. ## Footnote M+I+S

Answer 27

They are 3 bones in the middle ear (Malleus, Incus, and Stapes). They conduct vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.

Question 28

Name the 3 areas of the bony labyrinth. ## Footnote VCS

Answer 28

1. Vestibule 2. Cochlea 3. Semicircular Canals

Question 29

Describe the role of the organ of Corti in hearing.

Answer 29

The hair cells on basilar membrane move against overlying tectorial membrane, and initiate a signal that causes nerve impulses, which are interpreted as sounds by the auditory area of the cerebrum, to be sent to the brain stem.

Question 30

Identify the location of the receptors that function in the maintenance of static equilibrium. ## Footnote U + S

Answer 30

They're located in the walls of the utricle and saccule.

Question 31

What are otoliths, and what role do they play in maintenance of equilibrium? ## Footnote macula

Answer 31

They are crystals of calcium carbonate that lie on a gelatinous layer of the macula, and move in response to changes in the position of the head.

Question 32

What do chemoreceptors do?

Answer 32

Detect smell and taste.

Question 33

What is not a cutaneous sensation?

Answer 33

Position

Question 34

What is a tactile sensation?

Answer 34

Vibration.

Question 35

What is accurate concerning the sensation of touch? (4)

Answer 35

1. It generally originates beneath the skin or in the skin. 2. The exact location, size, or texture of crude touch cannot be determined. 3. Discriminative touch refers to the ability to recognize the exact point where the body is touched. 4. Corpuscles of touch are also known as Meissner's corpuscles.

Question 36

The olfactory epithelium is composed of several cells. What is not true concerning these cells?

Answer 36

Since the nervous system does not replace neurons, all olfactory epithelial cells gradually decrease in number as we age.

Question 37

What is not an accessory of the structure of the eye?

Answer 37

Cornea

Question 38

What structure directly alters the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

Answer 38

Ciliary muscle

Question 39

For vision to occur, what is the correct sequence? ## Footnote PBGOT

Answer 39

Photoreceptors --> Bipolar cells --> Ganglion cells --> Optic Nerve --> Thalamus.

Question 40

In humans, both eyes focus only on one set of objects. What is this characteristic called?

Answer 40

Binocular Vision

Question 41

The external outer ear has what?

Answer 41

Hair cells in its auditory canal, and specialized glands called ceruminous glands.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about the middle ear is true? a. It is lined with connective tissue. b. It is separated from the internal ear by a bony partition containing the oval and round windows. c. It is separated from the external ear by the external auditory meatus. d. Its posterior wall communicates with the frontal sinus. e. It is connected to the throat through the tympanic membrane. Feedback

Answer 42

b) It's separated from the internal ear by a bony partition containing the oval and round windows.

Question 43

What is true about the membranous labyrinth? ## Footnote scala

Answer 43

The vestibular membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli.

Question 44

What is the spiral organ of Corti?

Answer 44

A coiled sheet of supporting cells and hair cells.

Question 45

Which of the following is the sense organ for dynamic equilibrium only? a. Cristae in semicircular ducts b. Meissner corpuscles c. Maculae of utricle and saccule d. Organ of Corti e. Proprioceptors

Answer 45

a) Cristae in semicircular ducts.