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Human Physiology > Chapter 14 Urinary > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Urinary Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Four functions of the Urinary System

A

Regulation, Excretion, Gluconeogenesis, Secretory Gland

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2
Q

Regulation

A

Water, Ions, acid base balance, blood volume

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3
Q

Excretion

A

Waste products, urea, foreign molecule (drugs)

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids

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5
Q

Secretory Gland

A

Erythropoietin and Renin

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6
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Formation of RBC

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7
Q

Renin

A

Control of blood pressure, blood volume

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8
Q

4 Structures of the Urinary System

A

2 kidneys, 2 Ureters, 1 Urinary Bladder, 1 Urethra

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9
Q

Function of Kidneys

A

Urine is formed

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10
Q

Function of Ureters

A

Urine exits here and is drained to bladder

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11
Q

Function of Urinary Bladder

A

Storage of Urine

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12
Q

Function of Urethra

A

Exits body here

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13
Q

5 structures of the Kidney

A

Outer Cortex, Inner medulla, Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Nephron

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14
Q

Renal Cortex contains:

A

Blood capillaries and outer portions of nephrons

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15
Q

Glomerulus

A

In renal cortex, the blood capillaries

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16
Q

What is found as the outer part of the nephrons?

A

Proximal Convoluted tubule and Distal Convoluted tubule

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17
Q

Renal Medulla includes:

A

Renal Pyramids, columns, nephron loops of nephrons

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18
Q

Renal Columns

A

Tissue found between pyramids

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19
Q

Nephron

A

Function unit of kidney, structure that forms the urine,

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20
Q

How many nephrons does 1 kidney contain?

A

1 million

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21
Q

2 structures of a nephron

A

Renal tubules and Renal corpuscle

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22
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillary network that produces a filtrate that will enter into the renal tubule; sits between two arterioles

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23
Q

3 types of arterioles

A

Afferent, efferent, juxtaglomerular

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24
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Supplies blood to glomerulus

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25
Efferent Arteriole
Contain remaining blood and other substances after filtration
26
Juxtaglomerular cells
Found lining afferent arteriole, contribute to the release of renin
27
3 structures of renal corpuscle
Glomerulus, glomerular capsule, tissues
28
Glomerular Capsule
Surround glomerulus, filtrate enters here from the glomerulus
29
3 tissue layers of renal corpuscle
Single celled capillary endothelium, basement membrane layer, single celled epithelial lining
30
Podocyte
Epithelial cells that surround glomerulus and make the visceral layer
31
What forms slit diaphragms?
Projections on podocytes
32
Slit diaphragm
Spaces between foot projections
33
Renal tubule
Forms filtrate from the blood that is free of cells and proteins, fluid enters here and becomes urine
34
Proximal convoluted tubule
Drains glomerular capsule , contains microvilli
35
Primary function of proximal convoluted tubule
Tubular reabsorption, particles leaving tubule are reabsorbed back into blood
36
Nephron loop
Fluid inside enters into medulla of kidney; ascending and descending limbs
37
Descending limb
Passive transport of water (out), Concentrated at bottom before ascends
38
Ascending limb
Active transport of sodium and chloride out, not permeable to water
39
Distal Convoluted tube
Few microvilli here, has principal and intercalated cells
40
Principal cells
receptors for aldosterone
41
Intercalated cells
Allow hydrogen ions to enter DCT
42
Collecting Duct
Site of urine concentration, lose water when ADH is present
43
Paratubular Capillaries
Receives blood from efferent arteriole, reabsorbs products from renal tubule, secrete products back into renal tube
44
Cortical Nephrons
80-85% of nephrons, begins/ends in cortex
45
Juxtamedullary nephrons
15-20% of nephrons, begins and ends in medulla, long nephron loop
46
Benefits of a long nephron loop
Helps to create more concentrated urine
47
3 steps urine formation
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
48
Glomerular filtration
Blood plasma is filtered by the kidney
49
Tubular reabsorption
Water and other substances leave the tubule and are reabsorbed back into the blood
50
Tubular Secretion
Wastes are removed from the blood and are secreted into the tubule and ultimately the urine
51
What forms a filter for the blood?
Glomerulus and glomerular capsule
52
What can and cannot be moved through slits?
Plasma can, WBC, RBC, proteins and platelets cannot move through
53
Fenestrated
Pores
54
What moves into the glomerulus?
Water, glucose, Na, urea
55
What moves out of the glomerulus?
Potassium ions
56
Name a force that favors filtration?
Pressure of glomerular capillary
57
Name a force that opposes filtration
Pressure of bowman space and osmotic force due to protein in the plasma
58
What does a positive glomerular filtration pressure indicate?
Things are leaving favoring filtration
59
Glomerular filtration rate
Amount of filtrate formed per minute (180L per day) | Constrict, dilate afferent and efferent arteriole
60
Constrict afferent arteriole
Decreases GFR
61
Constrict Efferent arteriole
Increase in GFR
62
Dilate Efferent Arteriole
Decreases GFR
63
Dilate Afferent Arteriole
Increase GFR
64
Where does most tubular reabsorption occur?
In the proximal convoluted tubule (70%)
65
What are the highest reabsorbed substances?
Water, sodium, glucose, urea
66
What 3 movements are involved in reabsorption?
Diffusion, mediated, active transport
67
Proximal convoluted tube
Hydrogen ions counter transported into tubule lumen, sodium enters tubule cells
68
What enters the convoluted tube by co-transport
Glucose with sodium ions
69
What is actively transported through the PCT
Potassium into tubule cells and sodium out and into peritubular capillary
70
What diffuses from the tubular cell into the peritubular capillary?
Potassium ions
71
How do chlorine and water enter the peritubular capillary?
Diffusion and osmosis
72
Where do substances move in tubular secretion?
From pre-tubular capillary into tubular lumen, mostly associated with distal convoluted tubule
73
Active transport of tubular secretion
Sodium moves out into peritubular capillary and potassium into tubular lumen
74
What can diffuse into tubule cells in tubular secretion?
hydrogen ions and drugs
75
Renal Counter Current Multiplier system
Kidneys have it, ensures that your body can create concentrated urine
76
Counter current
Movement of fluid in downward direction and upward direction, allows concentration on inside and outside of tubules to be the same
77
ADH
Hormone secreted by posterior pituitary gland
78
What is dependent upon ADH?
Concentrated or dilute urine
79
Where does ADH usually travel?
Collecting duct or inserts aquaporins
80
Low ADH levels
Low salt, high water, water stays and produces dilute urine
81
High ADH levels
High salt intake, low water
82
What happens to aquaporins with high ADH
Become permeable and water leaves the collecting duct to produce a concentrated urine

Human Physiology (3 decks)

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