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Human Physiology > Chapter 17 Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Reproductive System Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete in regulation of reproduction?

A

GnRh

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2
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete during regulation of reproduction?

A

FSH and LH

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3
Q

What do gonads secrete during regulation of reproduction?

A

Sex hormones; Estrogen, testosterone

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4
Q

How do chemicals change in puberty?

A

Increase of GnRH, causing increase in LH and FSH, increase in estrogen and increase of testosterone

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5
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Production of reproductive cells

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6
Q

What happens when LH and FSH reach their target increase?

A

Secondary sex characteristics develop

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7
Q

Reproductive cells can also be called

A

Gametes

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8
Q

What chromosome causes the formation of testes?

A

The Y chromosome

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9
Q

When are the male and female gonads similar?

A

40 days after conception

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10
Q

Testes determining factor

A

Produced by the sex determining region of the Y gene (SRY) with TDF=male

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11
Q

Testes

A

Main reproductive part of male; have seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

What happens in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenesis occurs

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13
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Sperm Formation

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14
Q

Leydig Cells

A

Interstitial Cells; found outside seminiferous tubules, LH stimulates these cells to secrete testosterone

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15
Q

What does testosterone promote?

A

The development of male secondary sex characteristics

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16
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Sustentacular Cells; FSH stimulates these cells to promote development of secondary sex characteristics, aid in maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa

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17
Q

What kinds of cells are found as support cells inside the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli cells

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18
Q

Maturation of spermatids

A

Pinch excess cytoplasm, altering the shape; flagella and acrosome of developing sperm appear

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19
Q

Process of spermatogenesis

A

Mitosis happens at puberty; mitosis and differentiation form primary spermatocytes; 1st meiotic division forms secondary; 2nd meiotic division forms spermatids; differentiation forms spermatozoa

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20
Q

Where is sperm created?

A

Epididymis

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21
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

64 days

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22
Q

How many sperm can males produce per day?

A

30 million sperm

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23
Q

Three structures of the sperm

A

Head, mid piece, flagellum

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24
Q

Head of sperm

A

Has acrosome, nucleus, DNA, what enters the oocyte

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25
Acrosome
Releases enzymes to help penetrate the oocyte at fertilization
26
Midpiece
Contains mitochondria for movement, generates ATP here
27
Flagellum
Tail that helps propel the sperm through the male and female reproductive systems
28
4 accessory organs of the male system,
Seminal vesicles, bulbonrethral glands, prostate gland, semen
29
Seminal Vesicles
Release fluid that contains fructose that helps to provide energy for the sperm
30
Bulbonrethral glands
Fluid is alkaline, mucus secretion
31
Prostate Gland
Secretes alkaline fluid that helps neutralize pH
32
Semen
Composed of spermatozoa and fluids form the accessory organs
33
Describe the flow of spermatozoa
Seminiferous tubules; Rate testis; Efferent Ductules; epididymis (where sperm mature); vas (ductus) deferens; ejaculatory duct; urethra
34
Erection
Increased length and width of penis
35
What causes errections?
Occurs as a result of increased blood flow to erectile tissue of penis
36
What does nitric oxide do?
Works as a vasodilator to promote increased blood flow from the parasympathetic nerves
37
Emission
Movement of semen into the urethra
38
Ejaculation
Forcible expulsion of semen from urethra to outside the body
39
How much sperm can be released in ejaculation?
200 to 600 million (2-5 mL)
40
Ovaries
Contain follicles that produce female gametes
41
Female gametes
Oocytes
42
Uterine Tubes
Transport oocyte to uterus, typically the site of fertilization
43
What is the function of fimbriae in the uterine tubes?
Surround and help catch oocyte when released from ovary
44
Uterus location
Muscular organ between bladder and rectum
45
What is the function of the uterus?
Serves as the source of menstrual flow and is the site of developing fetus
46
What are the 3 tissue layers of the Uterus?
Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium
47
Perimetrium
Outermost connective tissue layer
48
Myometrium
Middle smooth muscle layer
49
Endometrium
Innermost layer, layer has cyclical changes during menstrual phase
50
What tissue layer is shed during menstruation?
Endometrium
51
Cervix
Bottom narrowing portion of uterus between body of uterus and vagina
52
Vagina
Canal from the uterus to the outside of the body
53
Vulva
General term referring to all external structures and glands
54
Clitoris
Considered to be female homolog to penis, contains erectile tissue
55
Oogenesis
Process of production of gametes in females
56
Oogonia
undergo mitosis, occurs before birth
57
Primary Oocytes
Stay in this place until puberty is reached, mitosis 1 is here
58
Secondary oocytes and polar body
Released at ovulation, potentially fertilized; if fertilized meiosis 2 occurs, after fertilization is complete a zygote is created
59
Follicles
Surround the oocytes until they are released
60
3 Layers of follicles
Granulosa, follicles, theca cells
61
Primodrial follicles
Contain primary oocyte
62
Primary follicles
Oocyte and granulose cells enlarge
63
Preantral follicle
Development of theca layer
64
Early Antral follicle
Development of antrum, begin to develop fluid filled antrum
65
Mature (Grafian) follicle
Contains secondary oocyte
66
What do leftover follicle cells become?
Corpus leteum
67
Corpus Leteum
Consist of granulose cells left after release of oocyte, helps support pregnancy in early stages
68
What does the Corpus Leteum secrete?
Estrogen, Progesterone, inhibin
69
What are the 2 ovarian cycles?
Follicular and luteal
70
When does the follicular phase occur?
Day 1-14
71
What hormone dominates follicular phase?
FSH, estrogen also increases; causes more GnRH to be released from the hypothalamus and recruit LH receptors
72
When does the release of more LH happen in the follicular phase?
Around day 14
73
What does increased levels of LH in follicular phase trigger?
Ovulation, release of secondary oocyte at day 14
74
When does the Luteal Phase occur?
Day 14 to day 28
75
Luteal phase
LH will cause leftover follicle cells to become the corpus luteum after ovulation
76
If fertilization doe snot occur what happens to the corpus luteum?
It degenerates and levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease as a result
77
What happens when estrogen and progesterone levels increase in luteal phase?
FSH is inhibited so no new follicles develop
78
What are the 3 uterine phases?
Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase
79
Menstrual phase
Day 1-5, due to decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels
80
What happens during the menstrual phase?
Arteries are constricted, blood flow to tissue stops causing cell death, endometrium degenerates, resulting in menstrual flow
81
Proliferative phase
Day 5-14, increased estrogen, stimulating the growth of the endometrium
82
What is the benefit of thin mucus during the proliferative phase?
Allows sperm to be fertilized easier, but nothing to fertilize
83
Secretory phase
Day 14-28, endometrium becomes ready for implantation, progesterone and estrogen levels are increased
84
What is the purpose of increased progesterone in the secretory phase?
Causes cervical mucus to thicken to allow only the best sperm to reach the oocyte
85
Where does cell division happen?
Fallopian tube
86
Where does fertilization happen?
Fallopian tube
87
Where do blastocysts enter the uterine cavity?
Through the uterus
88
Where does implantation happen?
Through the uterus
89
What happens when the sperm and secondary oocyte come together?
Causes meiosis II to occur, zygote is formed, cell division occurs, blastocysts form
90
What happens when a blastocyst forms?
Implanted in endometrial lining
91
What is the outer cell layer of a blastocyst?
Trophoblast cells
92
Trophoblast cells
Release specific hormone only present when the cells are present (hCG)
93
What is the hormone used in pregnancy tests?
hCG
94
Oxytocin
Stimulates concentration of myometrium, uterus contractions, positive feedback hormone, stimulates ejection of breast milk
95
Prolactin
Causes production of breast milk

Human Physiology (3 decks)

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