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Human Physiology > Chapter 15 Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Digestive System Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

6 organs of gastrointestinal Tract

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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2
Q

4 Accessory Organs of GI Tract

A

Salivary Glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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3
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Opening between mouth and nose

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4
Q

Oropharynx

A

Back of mouth

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5
Q

Parts of the stomach

A

Cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus

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6
Q

Parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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7
Q

Jejunum

A

First curve after the stomach, juices and bile dump here

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8
Q

Pancreas

A

Dumps digestive products into duodenum

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9
Q

Gallbladder

A

Major bile storage site, removal will limit fat intake

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10
Q

Large intestine parts

A

Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid curves and anal canal

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11
Q

4 major functions of the digestive system

A

Digestion, absorption, secretion, motility

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12
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food particles into subunits that can be more easily absorbed; mechanical and chemical

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13
Q

Absorption

A

Occurs within small intestine, movement of digested products into the blood or into the lymph

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14
Q

Lacteal

A

Lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.

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15
Q

Secretions

A

Includes exocrine and endocrine

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16
Q

Exocrine secretions

A

Water, HCl, HC03, digestive enzymes secreted; hormones can be created here

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17
Q

Endocrine secretions

A

Stomach secretes gastrin; small intestine secretes secretin, CCK, GIP

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18
Q

What does motility include?

A

Movement of food throughout the digestive tract; ingestion, mastication, deglutition, peristalsis

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19
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in food

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20
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing & saliva

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21
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic wave-like contractions

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22
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost layer; has epithelium for secretion, absorption, and protection

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23
Q

Submucosa

A

Second layer, submucosal nerve plexus associated here

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24
Q

Submucosal nerve plexus

A

Helps to move the contents of the GI tract

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25
Muscularis Externa
Myenteric plexus is here; includes longitudinal and circular muscle
26
Myenteric Plexus
Influences smooth abdominal cavity, in the muscularis externa
27
Serosa
Outermost layer, supports and protects abdominal cavity
28
Enteric Nerve Supply
Nervous system of the GI tract, neural regulation
29
4 Unique properties of GI tract
Villi, microvilli, lacteal, blood flow
30
Villi
Increases surface area, increases area for absorption
31
Microvilli
Increases surface area, works as a brush boarder
32
Brush Boarder
Releases enzymes to aid in digestion
33
Lacteal
Blind ended lymphatic vessel, found within a villi,
34
Where does most fat absorption occur?
Small intestine
35
What happens to absorbed or digested products?
Most enter immediately into the blood
36
How are Gastrointestinal processes regulated?
Neural regulation to help coordinate digestion, secretion, motility
37
Name the 2 nerve plexi
Submucosal and myenteric
38
What happens at nerve plexi?
Neurons will synapse with other neurons in the plexus and or end near smooth muscles, glands, or epithelial cells
39
Name 2 neural reflex arcs
Short and long
40
Short reflex process
Stimulus, goes to receptor in GI tract, travels to nerve plexus, to effector muscle or gland, response given
41
Long reflex arc process
Stimulus, receptors in GI tract, to afferent neuron, CNS, efferent neuron, nerve plexus, effector (smooth muscle), response
42
How do GI hormones reach target cells?
Via blood circulation
43
3 Phases of GI Secretion
Cephalic, Gastric, Intestinal
44
Cephalic Phase
Receptors in the head are stimulated by sight, smell, taste, chewing of food
45
What stimuli regulate the Gastric phase?
Distention, acidity, amino acids, and peptide
46
What two phases make up the gastric phase?
Neural and hormonal
47
What is the intestinal phase regulated by?
Stimuli, distention, acidity, osmolarity, digestive products
48
What are the neural inputs of the intestinal phase?
Long and short reflexes
49
What happens during the hormonal phase?
Secretion of CCK and GIR
50
Distention
Stretching
51
Bile
Aids in solubilizing fats, HCO3, cholesterol, bile pigments, phospholipids, and bile salts, helps promote emulsification
52
Where is bile produced and stored?
Produced in liver and stored in gallbladder
53
Emulsification
Converts large fat globules into smaller fat globules (Emulsion droplets)
54
What does the process of emulsification require?
Emulsifying agent, mechanical disruption, usually contractile activity in stomach and small intestine, micelles, monoglycerides and fatty acids
55
Emulsifying agent
Phosophlipids an bile salts
56
What are micelles composed of?
Monoglycerides, fatty acids, bile salts
57
What do micelles do?
Continuously broken down and reformed
58
Chylomicron
Triglyceride and protein that is released and travels to lacteal and ultimately travels into the blood stream
59
Where are monoglycerides and fatty acids repacked?
Diffuse to smooth ER
60
How are most carbohydrates consumed?
Disaccharides, polysaccharides, monosaccharides
61
Disaccharide examples
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
62
Polysaccharide examples
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
63
Monosaccharide examples
Glucose, fructose, galactose
64
In what form can carbohydrates be absorbed across the membrane?
Monosaccharides
65
What breaks di and polysaccharides into monosaccharides?
Brush boarder and other enzymes
66
In fructose form, where do carbohydrates travel?
Enters via GLUT
67
In glucose and galactose form, how do carbohydrates travel?
Enter via SGLT
68
How are carbohydrates in the intestinal epithelial absorbed into the blood?
Via GLUT transporter, requires energy with Na/K pump
69
What are digested proteins broken down to?
Small peptides or amino acids
70
What is used to break down proteins?
Enzymes
71
How do small peptides enter digestion?
Via H co- transporter
72
How do amino acids enter digestion?
Via sodium co-transporter
73
How are amino acids absorbed into the blood when inside the intestinal epithelial?
Amino acid transporter with a Na/K pump
74
Gastrin
Stimulates acid secretion, motility and growth of tissue in the stomach
75
CCK
Inhibit acid secretion, motility in stomach, primarily increases release of bile
76
Secretin
Stimulates pancreas to release HCO3
77
GIP
Stimulates insulin secretion in the pancreas
78
Gastric gland includes 4 types of cells
Mucous, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine
79
Mucous cells
Secrete mucous
80
Parietal cells
Secret hydrochloric acid
81
Chief cell
Secretes pepsinogen
82
Enteroendocrine cells
Secrete gastrin
83
What is pepsin made in the presence of?
Pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid
84
Where is pepsin formed?
Lumen of the stomach
85
Process of pepsin formation
Pepsinogen comes into contact with HCl and forms pepsin
86
Function of pepsin
Breaks down proteins into peptides
87
Exocrine function of the pancreas
Produces pancreatic juice
88
Pancreatic juice is made of products of what and consists of what?
Made of products of exocrine and duct cells, primarily consists of enzymes and ions
89
Exocrine cells
Produce and secrete digestive enzymes
90
Duct cells
Secrete bicarbonate ions primarily
91
Name a digestive enzyme
Trypsinogen
92
Endocrine cells of the pancreas
Alpha and beta
93
Alpha cells
Release glucagon
94
Beta cells
Release insulin
95
What do acids from the stomach do?
Increase plasma secretin
96
What do intestinal fatty acids and amino acids do?
Increase plasma CCK
97
Functions of the liver
Serves as a filter, functions to remove old RBC, contains enzymes that metabolize and detoxify harmful compounds
98
Hepatocytes
Cells that are found in the liver and produce bile

Human Physiology (3 decks)

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