Chapter 15 Flashcards
What is the percentage of the population is of minority status in the US in 2001? What was the same state in 2010? What would the rate be in 2050?
> In the United States in 2001, 25 to 30 per cent of people self-reported as being of minority status;
> this statistic increased to 34 per cent in 2010 and is expected to rise to approximately 50 per cent by the year 2050
- In Canada, visible minority persons (of non-Indigenous descent) constituted approximately what percentage of the population in 2006?
- In what year would this percentage double?
- In comparison to 2006, what was the percentage in 2001?
- constituted approximately 16 per cent of the population in 2006
- projected to double by 2031
- Indigenous persons (i.e., First Nations, Métis, Inuit) comprised approximately 3 per cent of the population in 2001 and almost 4 per cent in 2006;
In Canada, what population is growing faster than every other ethnic population group?
> the Indigenous population is growing at a pace exceeding that of other Canadian ethnic groups
How does one become “culturally competent”
> by understanding how different groups respond to physical and psychological symptoms and view medical services
What model is useful to help describe and explain health disparities that exist among North Americans of differing cultures?
> a biopsychosocial model
> is useful because it accounts for cultural differences + how these differences affect health
Originally, the term “race” was intended to describe what?
> was intended to capture differences in biological substrates through physical characteristics such as skin colour and hair type
What specifically about the term “race” has been debated? As a result, what has the term become?
> the genetic and/or biological basis of race has been debated
> the term is con-tentious given current understanding of genetics
Mountain and Risch (2004) found that genetics only contributes to racial group differences in what three circumstances? As a result, what was concluded?
PT-CD-B
> contributes to racial group differences in physical traits, complex diseases, and behaviour to a limited extent.
> They concluded that we cannot characterize genes to racial group differences of any complex trait
Some argue that underlying concepts referenced by the term “race” have what affect on African Americans? Provide some examples of these underlying concepts:
> have important implications for identity among African Americans
underlying concepts: belonging, ownership, citizenship, and racism
Race and ethnicity are often used interchangeably. However, the term “race,” as opposed to “ethnicity,” is almost always linked to what idea?
> “race,” is almost always linked to the idea of biological variation between groups.
How does the APA define ethnicity? What does this definition do?
> “the acceptance of the group mores and practices of one’s culture of origin and the concomitant sense of belonging”
> this definition recognizes the subjectivity and self-reflective nature of the concept,
What does the APA believe about ethnic identity?
People hold more than one ethnic identity - but what about that varies?
> the APA further states that individuals may hold more than one ethnic identity with varying salience at different times
What kind of experience is culture?
> “Culture” is an open and dynamic daily experience (e.g., language, family structure).
Is culture learned or transmitted? What are some ideas that may be learnt/transmitted?
> Culture is learned or transmitted through interaction with members already indoctrinated in the culture, yet changes over time
> these ideas may implicitly and or explicitly be learned assumptions about individualism, equality, and health and illness.
What is a fundamental aspect of culture and how it is transmitted?
> language
Airhihenbuwa and Liburd (2006) note that culture as “collective consciousness” is reinforced through what?
> reinforced through society
> Society may promote health-supporting (pro-tective) or health-hindering values, beliefs, and behaviours.
Stephens (2011) notes that what of the following are culturally transmitted:
- what representation,
- what responses
- what relationships with illness
- and what role of medical knowledge
> representations of illness,
appropriate responses to illness,
the relationship between the mind and body,
and the role of medical knowledge may all be culturally transmitted.
Is culture “dynamic”? How so if yes?
> Given that culture is primarily learned, it remains dynamic, ever-changing, and responsive to new situations depending on resources that are available vs required, and our roles and responsibilities
all persons from all racial and ethnic origins are what kind of consumers and producers?
> are cultural producers and consumers
A highly influential framework for considering how values may vary across cultures was de-veloped by who and what is it referred to as?
> Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede, and is referred to as Hofstede’s value dimensions of culture
Hofstede conducted a pioneer-ing study on how values in the workplace are influenced by culture through survey data - what dimensions were included in his studies?
> His framework originally included four dimensions of culture, with a fifth dimension being added later
- Individualism-collectivism
- Power distance
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Masculinity-feminity
- Confucian dynamism
Under Hofstede’s dimensions, what is individualism–collectivism?
> refers to the degree to which people within a society act individually rather than as part of a group, depending on how close or loose their interpersonal frameworks are.
Under Hofstede’s dimensions, what is power-distance?
Hint- think about it literally.
> refers to societal acceptance of the equal or unequal distribution of power within institutions.
Under Hofstede’s dimensions, what is uncertainty avoidance?
> involves the ability of societies to tolerate ambiguity, as indicated by the presence or absence of clear rules
Under Hofstede’s dimensions, what is Masculinity–femininity?
> Masculinity–femininity is the extent to which a society values assertiveness and monetary acquisition (“ego-oriented” or “masculine”)
> as opposed to co-operation, position security, and a friendly atmosphere (“relationship-oriented” or “feminine”).
Under Hofstede’s dimensions, what is Confucian dynamism?
> refers to future-oriented values (e.g., persistence) as compared with present/past orientation (e.g., traditions, social engagements).
What type of cultural differences were found in Hofstede’s dimensions?
> inter-country differences have been found.
Fernandez et al. (1997) examined differences in Hofstede’s dimensions using a sample of respondents from nine countries. Overall, what was found?
> they found several differences:
people from Western countries (e.g., the United States, Ger-many) score higher on individualism
+ those from non-Western cultures (e.g., Japan, China, Russia) were found to be more collectivist in orientation.
Studies of Hofstede’s theories were compiled and meta-analyzed (i.e., statistically combined) by Taras and Kirkman (2010). What was found in this meta analysis for workers?
> they found that the cultural dimensions predict most strongly participants’ emotional responses rather than their at-titudes or job satisfaction
> this cultural trend was especially true for managers and employees, men, and those of higher levels of education.
> They concluded that cultural values are useful in predicting emotional responses.
McSweeney (2002) notes the core assumption of Hofstede’s view of culture is that it is what? [this is his critique]
> it is implicit, causal, territorially unique, and shared.
> McSweeney further notes that this idea of culture has been debated at length.
Overall, what has Hofstede’s work been criti-cized for?
> minimizing the possibility of many cultures operating simultaneously within a country
> and also for assuming that national boundaries demarcate different cultural orientations.
Moulettes (2007) provides a critique of the cultural value dimensions by asking whether the theory overall engenders Westernized, patriarchial structures. Moulettes and others raise their questions using what theory?
> using postcolonial theory, which makes an attempt to understand the process and problems stemming from European colonization
Within health psychology the biopsychosocial formulation, it posits that biological, psychological, and social processes interact and contribute in what way to health and illness?
> contributes reciprocally to health and illness.
What is interconnected to our biological processes?
> psychological, social experi-ences.and behaviours are interconnected with their biological processes.
- What two factors have increasingly been recognized within a biopsychosocial for-mulation of health?
- Why has this been recognized?
- Culture and ethnicity
- It has been recognized as important for the causation, prevention, and management of illness
It is important to consider all the influences that culture exerts on health, including what?
CS/ERS/A/ETS/IE
> including coping styles, economic re-sources, appraisals of and exposure to stress, and illness exposure
Diversity is accelerat-ing in multiple contexts, including what four spheres?
- and these spheres, in turn, have been shown to impact on health and mental health through what factors?
- including social, religious, educational, and economic spheres
- factors as language barriers and access to health insurance and health care
Marshall and colleagues (2011) demonstrate how culture may be a central consideration within what model? What illness does this specifically apply to?
> culture may be a central consideration within a biopsychosocial model of health for patients diag-nosed with cancer and for their families.
> They emphasize socio-cultural and family-systems models in which cul-ture, family, and social class interconnect and influence the trajectory of cancer illness.
What did Marshall and colleagues find about the differences between groups of patients in the rates of cancers and recovery that can be accounted for by what factors? Describe each of them (3).
> by socio-cultural factors.
> poverty, in particular, has strong explanatory power.
> They stress the personal influence of culture on individuals and families and, in turn, the individual’s role as a producer of culture.
Marshall and colleagues (2011) describe how cancer education may become more responsive to culture by considering what 6 factors?
L,T,F,FCP,FFTS,AFUP
- language
- transportation,
- finances,
- flexible care provision (e.g., time of treatments, setting),
- family-friendly treatment settings, and
- appropriate follow-up.
Within a biopsychosocial approach, health psychologists often focus on what beliefs of a patient?
> health psychologists often focus on the health beliefs of the patient
- The health beliefs model of social cognition explains how beliefs interact to produce what effects?
- What assumption is this model based on?
> behavioural effects
> It is based on the assumption that people are motivated to be healthy (value) and that they hold beliefs about the helpfulness of their behaviours (expectancy)—hence, value expectancy theory.
Does culture affect attributions of health? What are cultural attributions of health?
> culture may affect attributions about health, which are causal explanations people
assign to illness and wellness.
