chapter 15

Question 1

five functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

1. provide large area for gas exchange (between air and g blood)
2. move air in and out of gas exchange surfaces of lung
3. protects respiratory system from dehydration, temp changes and pathogens
4. provides sound for speaking
5. aids in sense of smell

Question 2

major anatomical structures of the respiratory tract?

Answer 2

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 3

what zone delivers air to lungs and extends from the nasal cavity to the larger bronchioles?

Answer 3

conduction zone

Question 4

air entering the body is filtered and humidified by the

Answer 4

nasal chamber

Question 5

what type of cells make up the lining of the trachea?

Answer 5

ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 6

what is the function of the cilia in the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

Answer 6

sweep mucus and any trapped debris towards pharynx where they are swallowed and exposed to acids and enzymes in the stomach

Question 7

what forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx

Answer 7

thyroid cartilage

Question 8

what is a shared structure between the digestive and respiratory system?

Answer 8

pharynx

Question 9

where does the nasal cavity open in the first part of the pharynx?

Answer 9

internal nares

Question 10

what is the passage from the pharynx to the larynx called?

Answer 10

glottis

Question 11

what structure closes off the opening of the glottis during swallowing of liquids or solids?

Answer 11

epiglottis

Question 12

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Answer 12

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 13

what consists of 9 cartilages, ligaments, and skeletal muscles, also known as the voice box?

Answer 13

larynx

Question 14

the windpipe is also known as the

Answer 14

trachea

Question 15

why do the c shaped cartilages of the trachea open posteriorly?

Answer 15

to allow the passage of food down the esophagus

Question 16

trachea branches off into

Answer 16

right and left primary bronchus

Question 17

the first branch off of the primary bronchi that enter the lung lobe:

Answer 17

secondary bronchi

Question 18

branches that supply bronchopulmonary segment of lungs

Answer 18

tertiary bronchi

Question 19

how many bronchis are found in each lung?

Answer 19

9-10

Question 20

starting with trachea, trace the flow of oxygenated air to the alveoli

Answer 20

trachea -> primary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> initial bronchiole -> terminal bronchiole -> alveoli

Question 21

the actual site of gas exchange in the lungs is in the

Answer 21

alveoli

Question 22

the alveolar exchange surfaces of the lungs are approximately

Answer 22

140 m^2

Question 23

walls of the alveoli are made up of what type of cells?

Answer 23

thin simple squamous epithelium

Question 24

vocal cords are connected to thyroid cartilage by what

Answer 24

ligaments

Question 25

true or false: vocal cords are formed by upper pair of ligaments - they are inelastic and reduce the size of glottis

Answer 25

false

Question 26

true or false: vocal cords are formed by lower pair of ligaments and are involved in sound production

Answer 26

true

Question 27

the lobs of the lungs are divided by what

Answer 27

fissures

Question 28

the right lung has ____ lobes and the left has __

Answer 28

3, 2

Question 29

the (right/left) bronchi is larger and the steeper angle compared to the (right/left) and creates a more likely pathway for choking

Answer 29

right, left

Question 30

what is the layer of serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs?

Answer 30

visceral

Question 31

ciliated columnar epithelium is the type of tissue lining the

Answer 31

trachea

Question 32

by changing the diameter, length, tension of cords, the ___ of vocal sound is controlled

Answer 32

pitch

Question 33

the walls of the bronchioles are dominated by smooth muscles, whose activity is regulated by the

Answer 33

autonomic nervous system

Question 34

primary cells of alveoli are

Answer 34

pneumocytes type 1

Question 35

pneumocytes type 2 produce ____, the oily secretion that helps to keep alveoli open

Answer 35

surfactant

Question 36

the movement of air into and out of the lungs is called

Answer 36

pulmonary ventilation

Question 37

the sheet of muscles that sits under the ribs and helps move air into and out of the lungs is called the

Answer 37

diaphragm

Question 38

(internal/external) respiration is the movement of oxygenated air into cells and deoxygenated air into the blood

Answer 38

internal

Question 39

what is hypoxia?

Answer 39

low oxygen levels

Question 40

what is anoxia?

Answer 40

when oxygen supply is completely cut off from an area and cells die rapidly

Question 41

during quiet breathing, the diaphragm accounts for about what percent of the air movement?

Answer 41

75%

Question 42

the amount of air that move sin and out of the lungs during quiet breathing is called the

Answer 42

tidal volume

Question 43

what is the amount of air voluntarily pushed out forcefully at the end of Vt called

Answer 43

ERV (expiratory reserve volume)

Question 44

what is the amount of air that can be taken in above Vt called

Answer 44

IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)

Question 45

during quiet breathing, exhalation is

Answer 45

passive

Question 46

in forced breathing, both exhalation and inhalation are

Answer 46

active

Question 47

during inhalation, volume (increases/decreases) and pressure (increases/decreases), therefore air moves in

Answer 47

increase, decrease

Question 48

during exhalation, volume (increase/decrease) and pressure (increase/decrease) therefore air moves out

Answer 48

decrease, increase

Question 49

what is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?

Answer 49

nitrogen

Question 50

why do gases move

Answer 50

diffusions from regions of higher pressure to lower pressure

Question 51

what is the expandability of the lungs called?

Answer 51

compliance

Question 52

RBC carry both oxygen and carbon dioxide on

Answer 52

hemoglobin

Question 53

the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as

Answer 53

bicarbonate ions

Question 54

respiration is controlled by which parts of the brain?

Answer 54

medulla oblongata and pons

Question 55

the dorsal respiratory group contains neurons that control which muscles?

Answer 55

diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 56

increases in Pco2 and a decrease in pH will increase what

Answer 56

the respiratory rate

Question 57

what are cavities that surround each other

Answer 57

pleura

Question 58

pleural layers also secrete ___, a serious fluid that reduces friction

Answer 58

surfactant

Question 59

what is triggered by the lack of surfactant?

Answer 59

respiratory distress syndrome

Question 60

what disease: most common lethal genetic disorder in the US, individuals produce thick mucus that can't be transported by cilia

Answer 60

cystic fibrosis

Question 61

what disease: masses of clots blocking pulmonary artery branch and stopping flow of blood to lobules

Answer 61

pulmonary embolism

Question 62

what disease: inflammation of pulmonary lobules, results from infection

Answer 62

pneumonia

Question 63

what disease: infection of lungs caused by bacterium, results in coughing chest pain with fever, nigh sweats and weight loss

Answer 63

tuberculosis

Question 64

what disease: parietal pleura is punctured and the lung collapses

Answer 64

pneumothorax

Question 65

what disease: loss of supporting tissue due to alveolar damage, results in shortness of breath

Answer 65

emphysema