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Bio 111 > Chapter 15 and 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 and 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Archibald Garrod

A

1902
Genes dictate phenotypes
phenotype requires enzyme
mutations cause faulty protein

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2
Q

Beadle and Ephrussi

A

1930s
posed the actual hypothesis
linked enzymes to metabolic pathways
a faulty enzyme affects reaction
1941
mutated specific nutritional enzymes
observed by modifying nutrients

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3
Q

one-gene-one protein hypothesis

A

not all proteins are enzymes

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4
Q

one-gene-one protein hypothesis

A

quaternary proteins and subunits
hemoglobin with 4 subunits

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5
Q

Ribonucleic acids

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
tRNA and rRNA do not equal protein

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6
Q

Template strand

A

holds directions for proteins
reported for each gene
3’ -> 5’

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7
Q

mRNA

A

Equivalent to coding strand
except T -> U
ribose instead of deoxyribose
complementary to template

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8
Q

primary transcript

A

result of transcription
mRNA (prokaryotes)
pre-mRNA (eukaryotes)

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9
Q

Codon

A

triplet code
3 nucleotides

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10
Q

Reading frame

A

degenerate/redundant
unambiguous
non overlapping
must be read 5’ -> 3’

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11
Q

steps of Transcription

A

Initiation -> Elongation -> Termination

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12
Q

Promotor region

A

specific region on DNA (transcription)
TATA box (start)
polymerase may bind

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13
Q

Transcription unit

A

promotor -> terminator
transcribed into mRNA

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14
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

Similar to DNA poly
no primer needed
no 3’ to add onto

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15
Q

Initiation Pro

A

no transcription factors
promotor + start site

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16
Q

Elongation Pro

A

only RNA polymerase II
also codes for RNA

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17
Q

Termination Pro

A

Rho protein collides with RNA pol
RNA folds back on itself
signals to stop and detach
no post transcription (mRNA ready for translation)

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18
Q

Initiation Euk

A

Requires transcription factors
transcription initial complex
bind to specific location (TATA)

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19
Q

Elongation Euk

A

many RNA polymerases
RNA polymerase II -> pre-mRNA
40 nucleotides/sec

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20
Q

Termination Euk

A

polyadenylation signal
transcribed onto mRNA
AAUAAA sequence
bound by proteins
cut pre-mRNA and release
post transcription occurs

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21
Q

post transcription

A

pre mRNA produces
untranslated region
polyadenylation signal
protein and coding segment (Exons and Introns)
start and stop codons
mRNA leaves nucleus

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22
Q

Exons

A

expressed or exits nucleus
codes for protein or domain

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23
Q

Introns

A

Intervening sequence
between exons, regulatory

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24
Q

RNA splicing

A

splicesome (protein and ribozymes)
exons combined and introns removes
alternative RNA splicing (order of exons)

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25
Where translation occurs
cytoplasm
26
anticodon
sequence of nucleotides in RNA (3) complementary to codon tRNA wobble = flexibility
27
rRNA
ribosomal RNA transcribed separately catalyze formation of polypeptide adds AA to carboxylic ends most common cellular RNA
28
Ribosomes
site of translation produced by nucleolus protein subunits and rRNAs sandwich with mRNA binding site for tRNA
29
Initiation
factors bring all components together mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes
30
Translation initiation complex
small subunit with initiator tRNA binds to mRNA w/ 5' cap scans downstream until AUG (start) initiator tRNA H bonds to AUG signals reading frame large subunit binds and requires E (GTP)
31
Elongation
formation of polypeptides require elongation factors 3 stops require GTP add new AA to carboxylic ends
32
Elongation steps
1. new tRNA arrives binds with A site uses GTP increases specificity 2. polypeptide bonds large subunit catalyzes peptide bond with new AA uses residual energy from 3 new tRNA in A site 3. translocation A site -> P site requires GTP P site -> E site and expelled Ribosome moves forward next codon to A site repeat
33
Termination
release factor signals disassembly, binds with stop codon, A site of ribosome
34
Steps of terminaiton
reaches stop codon on mRNA release factor binds cleaves polypeptide from tRNA via hydrolysis using H2O release polypeptide through funnel on large subunit ribosomal subunits dissociates 2 GTP required for breakdown
35
Protein folding and modification
begins folding as synthesized post-translation modifications AA chemically modified AAs removed polypeptide cleaved subunits come together
36
Free ribosomes
proteins stay/functional in cytosol
37
Bound ribosomes
endomembrane proteins those packaged for secretion
38
silent mutation
change has no affect redundancy of codons translation -> correct AAs
39
missense mutation
1 AA -> diff AA similar AA -> no effect diff. -> sickle cell still codes for AA
40
nonsense mutation
change does not code for AA translation terminated polypeptide is shorter usually non-functional
41
Frameshift mutations
insertion and deletion immediate nonsense noticeable missense 3 nucleotide deletion
42
Insertion and deletion
causes a frame shift when not multiple of 3 often leads to nonsense
43
Immediate nonsense
mutation -> stop codon
44
noticeable missense
multiple incorrect AA's
45
3 nucleotide deletion
one AA missing
46
Gene mutations
permanent change DNA base sequences autosomal trait germ or somatic cells will affect protein activity
47
added to 5' end of pre-mRNA
G-Cap
48
added to 3' end of pre-mRNA
poly A tail
49
How are anticodons reported
3' to 5'
50
aminoacyl-tRNA
adds AA to complementary tRNA
51
Wobble
3rd nucleotide not rigid, if 3rd nucleotide changes AA doesn't necessarily change
52
Initiation factors
bring mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes together
53
P site
where initiator tRNA binds, gets polypeptide from A site
54
A site
empty at beginning, polypeptide binds with AA, moves next codon to P site (translocation)
55
E site
passed tRNA from P site and expels
56
Steps of elongation that require GTP
1. new tRNA arrives and binds to A site 3. translocation (A to P to E)
57
Step of elongation that uses GTP from translocation
2. peptide bonds with new AA and new tRNA in A site
58
Release factor binds to
stop codon and cleaves polypeptide from tRNA
59
how do release factors cleave polypeptide from tRNA
hydrolysis
60
how many GTP does it take to dissociate ribosomal subunits
2
61
Polyribosomes
rapidly produce multiple polypeptides

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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