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Bio 111 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration
aerobic

A

with oxygen
more efficient more atp

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2
Q

cellular respiration
anaerobic

A

without oxygen
partial degradation

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3
Q

Exergonic

A

Change in G = negative
spontaneous
G reactants > G products
release energy

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4
Q

Endergonic

A

Change in G = positive
G reactants < G products
Require energy

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5
Q

Reduction

A

Reactant gains electron or H
Product lost oxygen
Reactant becomes “reduced”
Reactant acts like “oxidizing agent”
Oxidizes second reactant (donates electron or H)

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6
Q

Oxidation

A

Reactant looses e or H
Product gains oxygen
Reactant becomes “oxidized”
Reactant acts like “reducing agent”
Reduces first reactant (accepts electron or H)

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7
Q

OILRIG

A

Oxidation is loss
Reduction is gain

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8
Q

Combustion reaction

A

release tremendous energy
heat energy useful
partial oxidation/reduction

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9
Q

Partially oxidized/reduced

A

partial gain or lost e
covalent bonds
carbon in CH4
Oxygen in O2

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10
Q

redox

A

oxidation-reduction reactions
movement of electrons and H
most energy conserved with movement
electron transfer -> energy release
electrons may be “carried”

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11
Q

Uncontrolled

A

rocket fuel
change in G = very neg (exergonic)
explosive energy release
impossible to capture

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12
Q

Stepwise energy release

A

Cellular respiration
change in G = negative (exergonic)
release over multiple steps
each step = redox rxn
steps = stronger affinity to e
able to capture energy
stronger affinity = stronger oxidizer

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13
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or NADH

A

electron carrier molecule
NAD+ + e= NADH
e form glucose
dehydrogenase (enzyme) moves H/e
carriers 2 e and 2 H (uses one H)
Flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD)

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14
Q

Flavin adenine nucleotide

A

(FAD)
electron carrier

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15
Q

electron transport chain

A

proteins in membrane
bottom step oxidizes top step
O2 terminal e acceptor
O2 highest e affinity
O2 “pulls” electron down chain
similar to gravity down hill

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16
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (heat loss + usable energy)

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17
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Citric acid cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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18
Q

Glycolysis Overview

A

Glucose broken down to pyruvate, producing ATP and reduced electron carriers

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19
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation Overview

A

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-coA producing reduced electron carriers, and CO2

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20
Q

Citric acid cycle Overview

A

acetyl-coa enters the cycle, producing ATP, reduced electron carriers, and CO2

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21
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation Overview

A

Reduced electron carriers donate e to electron transport chain, leads to ATP synthesis

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22
Q

Energy in ATP

A

7.3 kcal/mol

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23
Q

Kinase

A

enzyme, phosphorylation

24
Q

Dehydrogenase

25
Glycolysis
"sugar splitting" in cytosol no o2 needed e investment (-2ATP) e payoff (+4ATP) net = 2 only 1/4 of glucose energy released
26
Major products of Glycolysis
+2 pyruvate +2 NADH +2 ATP (net) +2 H+ 2 H2O
27
Pyruvate Oxidation
When O2 present links glycolysis to citric acid cycle pyruvate -> pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes 3 reactions 1. carboxy fully oxidized -> (2 total CO2) 2. Electron transfer -> reduction of NAD+ to NADH 3. Coenzyme A transferred -> acetyl coa (w/ sulfur) Acetyl CoA (high potential energy) starting substrate for Krebs
28
Where does glycolysis occur
cytosol (pro and euk)
29
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur
Pro -> cytosol Euk -> cytosol to mito matrix
30
Citric acid cycle
"krebs cycle" Acetyl CoA initial substrate regeneration of oxaloacetate most energy held in carriers transferred to ETC extracted -> oxidative phospho
31
Where does the citric acid cycle occur
Pro -> cytosol Euk -> mito-matrix
32
Products of Citric acid cycle
+6 NADH + 2 FADH2 +2 GTP or ATP +4 CO2 + 2H2O but -4H2O (net 0 because 2 in glyco)
33
Oxidative Phosphorilation
most ATP produced at this step part 1. electron transport chain part 2. Chemiosmosis
34
Electron Transport Chain
Most energy held in carriers created in other steps Protein complexes in membrane each step down = higher affinity higher affinity = better oxidizer O2 = terminal electron acceptor NADH "better" (higher E state) than FADH2 release energy in usable quantities no ATP directly, releases E to eventually create ATP
35
Where does the ETC occur
Pro -> PM cytosol Euk -> mito-membrane matrix
36
Electron transport chain
+ 10 NAD+ +2 FAD Both ready to pick up more H + 6H2O
37
Chemiosmosis
Energy coupling mechanism (ender and exer) ETC is exergonic energy from electron transfer pumps H ions into intermembrane space creates gradient with potential energy proton membrane force (PMF) = potential energy ATP synthesis is endergonic Inorganic P + ADP -> ATP 1. H diffuses through stator 2. H+ binds to rotor causes spinning internal rod, spinning activates catalytic sites in knob 3. catalyze phosphorylation of ADP -> ATP like water spins a waterwheel
38
Oxidative phosphorylation products
+ 6 H2O + (26-28) ATP + 10 NAD+ + 2 FAD
39
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place
Pro - Cytoplasm Euk - mito-intermembrane space
40
Why is ATP production inexact
ATP yield depends on carrier PMF drives other processes Cellular respiration in 34% efficient
41
Anaerobic cellular respiration
without O2 still uses ETC different final e acceptor diff oxidizer (SO4 2-) (sulfate)( not humans -> bacteria) aerobic bacteria -> saltmarsh
42
Fermentation
no ETC rely solely on glycolysis 2 net ATP always regardless of O2 limited by NAD + availability because no ETC
43
Alcohol fermentation
Bacteria and Fungi ethanol
44
Lactic acid fermentation
strenuous activity no CO2 produced no O2
45
least ATP to most ATP production
1. (most) Aerobic 2. Anaerobic 3. (least) fermentation
46
Connected pathways
can derive energy from proteins, starch/disaccharides, glycerol/fatty acids (gram to gram) intermediate shunted to anabolic pathways do not directly consume glucose
47
Control of metabolism
feedback inhibition phosphofructokinase (enzyme for glycolysis) main control mechanism with many sites stimulatory: more AMP low [citrate], stimulate production inhibitory: more ATP, high [citrate], inhibit production highly efficient and responsive occurs locally at cell level
48
dehydrogenase
catalyzes reduction
49
kinase
phosphorylation ADP -> ATP
50
ATP from NADH
2.5
51
ATP from FADH2
1.5
52
How much uptake can uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria use
2
53
phosphofruktokinase
enzyme for glycolysis control mechanism for ATP production high AMP -> activates low ATP or citrate -> stops
54
energy from cell respiration
30-32 ATP 686 kcal/mol
55
substrate level phosphorilation
everything but oxidative phosphorylation
56
formula for alcohol fermentation
C6H12O6 (glucose) -> 2C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2CO2 + 2ATP
57
formula for lactic acid fermentation
C6H12O6 (glucose) -> 2CO2 + 2 ATP + C3H6O3 (lactic acid)

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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