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Bio 111 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Microscopy

A

Microscopes- instruments to magnify objects

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2
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Invented microscopes in 1590 called cells “animacules”

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3
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Called cells “cells”

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4
Q

Types of microscopy

A

Light microscopy- visible light/ lenses/ refraction
Electron microscopy- Electrons/scanning/transmission

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

“before kernel”
no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
cell wall made of peptidoglycan

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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A

“the kernel”
has nucleus and many organelles
cell walls vary

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7
Q

Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm (jelly)
ribosomes
DNA

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8
Q

Pilli

A

Short hair like structures on surface of prokaryotes

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9
Q

Flagellum

A

Slender thread like tail that allows prokaryotes to “swim”

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10
Q

Nucleoid region

A

Area of prokaryotic cell that contains dna and other genetic material

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11
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical bacteria

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12
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod shaped bacteria

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13
Q

Spirillum

A

Spiral shaped bacteria

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cell basic structure

A

Cell wall, plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer, Cytoplasm (contains organelles and cytosol)

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15
Q

Chemical composition of cell walls

A

Protists -> silica, CaCO3 [calcium carbonate], pro-glycans
Fungi -> Chitin
Plants -> Cellulose

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Houses chromosomes, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nuclear lamina (protein network structural support) and matric, nucleolus

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17
Q

Nuclear pores

A

transport proteins and RNA
Connected to endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Nuclear lamina and matrix

A

proteinaceous support to nucleus

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19
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produce and assemble RNA

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20
Q

Chromosomes

A

condensed; chromatin
dividing; sister chromatids (identical copies joined together at centromere)
Sections of DNA -> gene

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21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein and r RNA subunits
smaller and less complex in prokaryotes
larger and more complex in eukaryotes
site of translation (synthesis of protein)
not membrane bound
read mRNA and translate into AA that form proteins

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22
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Floating in cytosol
Enzymatic proteins

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23
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

on Endoplasmic Reticulum
membrane proteins

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24
Q

Double membrane

A

Energy related organelles
mitochondria, chloroplast

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25
Mitochondria
All eukaryotic cells inner membrane cellular respiration (ATP production) matrix (inner space of mitochondrion) Cristae (folds in inner membrane to increase SA for reactions)
26
Chloroplasts
Photosynthetic cells Thylakoid membrane (internal membrane) Thylakoid (flattened discs site of reactions) Grana (stacks of thylakoids) Pigment -> chlorophyll
27
Thylakoid
Flattened discs, site of reaction in chloroplasts
28
Grana
stacks of thylakoids in chloroplast
29
Christae
Folds in inner membrane of mitochondria, increase SA for reactions
30
Peroxisomes
Oxidation and detoxification, fatty acid catabolism detoxify ethanol in liver detoxify H2O2 w/ catalase (enzyme) Crystalline core ( dense collection of enzymes that perform reactions)
31
Crystalline core
core in peroxisomes; dense collection of enzymes that perform rxn.s
32
Endosymbiotic theory
Origin of eukaryotic cells 1. ancestral eukaryote engulfed aerobic/ photosynthetic prokaryote (mitochondria/chloroplast) 2. Become endosymbiotic
33
Evidence of endosymbiotic theory
1. both (euk and prokaryote) double membraned 2. w/ ribosomes and circular DNA 3. autonomous structures
34
Vesicles and Vacuoles
membranous sacs, selectively permeable, from endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus
35
Vesicles
small; secretory or transport may be unique organelle macromolecules, enzymatic proteins
36
Vacuoles
large; food during phagocytosis Contractile; pump H2O out Storage; plant cell and organics Central; only found in plants (filled with cell sap) performs variety of functions
37
Nucleus
Houses chromosomes Produce and assemble RNA
38
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores Transport proteins and RNA Connects to ER
39
ribosomal RNA
protein and rRNA subunits (primary component of RNA) bound (membrane) cytosol (free) site of translation (proteins produced using RNA)
40
Endoplasmic reticulum
rough and smooth make proteins or synthesize and detoxify
41
"rough" ER
with ribosomes synthetic proteins (transmembrane/organelle/secreted) ex. insulin and trypsin (helps digest proteins)
42
"smooth" ER
without ribosomes synthesize lipids (fatty acids and phospholipids) detoxify ex: cholesterol
43
Golgi Apparatus
Shipping and receiving center cisternae folds modify proteins and lipids sorting proteins and lipids carbohydrates added
44
Lysosomes
specialized vesicle that contains digestive enzymes phagocytosis (cell eating) Intracellular (within cell) digestion Autophagy (recycling center)
45
Endomembrane review
Nucleus and Nuclear membrane (amazon headquarters) Endoplasmic Reticulum (fulfillment center) Transport vesicle (tractor trailers/plane) Golgi Apparatus (distribution center) Secretory vesicle (Delivery vans) Cell membrane (your home)
46
Cytoskeleton
Interconnected protein network Nucleus -> cell membrane 1. maintain cell shape 2. anchor organelles 3. allows movement
47
Microfilaments
7 nm diameter function =flexibility structural support, maintain shape, contract with myosin pseudopods (arm like projection) -> ameboid movement two intertwined threads; actin (protein)
48
Intermediate fillaments
8-11 nm diameter Function = mechanical strength cell shape, anchors organelles, connects cells fibrous coiled proteins (keratin)
49
microtubules
25 nm diameter Function = rigidity cell shape and motility (move independently) chromosome/organelle movement hollow tubes; tubulin dimer (two protein monomers)
50
centrosomes
Microtubule organizing center near nucleus made of two centrioles assist cellular division cellular movement
51
centriole
barrel shaped organelle lives within centrosome short and cylindrical arranged at right angles
52
Basal bodies
Anchor point for nine fold symmetry in centrioles
53
Cilia
Hairlike projections that undulate in unison
54
Flagellum
Whip like structure that moves in whipping motion
55
Pseudopods
(pinch out membrane) Amoeba movement
56
Extracellular matrix of animal cells
Extracellular proteins and sugars
57
Integrins
Proteins that help cells attach to one another and the extracellular matrix
58
Fibronectin
Mediates cell and extracellular matrix interaction
59
Anchoring junctions
Intermediate filaments/ microfilaments Cadherins flexible sheet of cell
60
Cadherins
proteins that help cells stick together
61
Tight junctions
Bond cells, zipper like junction, impermeable barrier, prevent water loss, found in barrier tissue, tight junction proteins pull cells together
62
Gap junctions
cytoplasm channels, membrane protein pores, communication, allows molecules and ions to pass gap junction channel (molecules go from cell to cell)
63
Plasmodesmata
Plant cell gap junctions holes in cell wall, cytoplasm connects, connect all plant cells

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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