chapter 15 - exam 2 Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
muscles of the knee
A
hamstrings quads abductors adductors
2
Q
common sports injuries
A
fracturs/dislocations
tendon/bursae
muscle strains
ligament ruptures
3
Q
t/f knee is difficult to protect
A
true. experience repeated trauma in contact & collision sports; major component of body contact
4
Q
fracture of the femur result from
A
extremely traumatic event
5
Q
in adolescence femoral fractures may include what type of injury
A
slipped capital epiphysis
6
Q
in adulthood femoral fractures may result in
A
avascular necrosis [tissue death] of the femoral head
7
Q
avascular necrosis results from a disrupted blood supply to the _____ ________ on femoral head
A
articular cartilage
8
Q
S&S of femur/patella fracture
A
Pain
obvious deformity
pop or snap
swelling
9
Q
1st aid femur/patella fracture
A
PRICE shock treatment splint dress open wounds monitor vitals/circulation *physician
10
Q
dislocation of knee/tibiofemoral joint can compromise _______ to the lower leg & requires serious medical attention
A
blood flow
11
Q
S&S of knee dislocation
A
pain
dysfunction
deformity
12
Q
1st aid knee dislocation
A
splint
*physician
13
Q
Soft tissue thigh injuries result from
A
direct contact (contusion) or a muscle strain
14
Q
poorly treated contusions result in
A
myositis ossificans traumatica
15
Q
S&S of muscle contusion
A
tightness
history of forceful impact
inability to contract muscle
swelling
16
Q
what muscle groups are most likely to sustain muscle strains to the thigh
A
hamstrings/adduction [groin]
17
Q
which are usually weaker & more susceptible to strain, hamstrings or quadriceps?
A
hamstrings
18
Q
____ & ______ are important in a recovery program for strains [dont favor one over the other]
A
stretching & strengthening
19
Q
S&S muscle strains to thigh
A
weakness inability to contract visible defect sharp pain swelling
20
Q
1st aid muscle strains to thigh
A
RICE
crutches [if necessary]
medical evaluation (*physician)
21
Q
patellofemoral joint injuries are aka
A
knee cap joint injuries
22
Q
____ & ____ injuries both affect patellofemoral joint & may be debilitating
A
acute & chronic
23
Q
what bone injury is associated with knee cap joint injuries
A
osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
24
Q
explain osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
A
small pieces of bone are dislodged from a joint & float within a capsule
25
what makes OCD so dangerous
bone fragments can block or lock a joints motion & cause damage to joint surfaces
26
S&S OCD
swelling
knee may lock
pain with use
tender femoral condyles
27
1st aid OCD
ice
compression
crutches
*physician
28
what are bursae
small fluid filled sacs located strategically
29
how many bursae in the knee region?
numerous, only a few are typically injured
30
inflammation of a bursae sack can be caused by
direct trauma
overuse
infection
31
what type of bursae is most susceptible to trauma?
pre-patellar bursae
32
S&S bursitis
swelling (h20 balloon)
pain with pressure
report of direct trauma to knee
33
1st aid bursitis
rest
ice
compression
chronic: anti-inflammatories, removal
34
Patellar dislocation/subluxation is often caused by
quick cutting motion that generate a great deal of abnormal force within the knee
35
in patellar dislocations/subluxations, the patella moves _____ and may ______, instead of moving normally
laterally, dislocate
36
what is it called when the patella is dislocated and returns to its position spontaneously
subluxation
37
S&S patellar dislocation/subluxation
swelling
pain
abnormal movement
medial patella pain
38
1st aid patella dislocation/subluxation
ice
compression
elevation
splint to transport
39
irritation of the patellar tendon complex is referred to as
osgood schlatter's disease OSD
40
Patellar tendinitis [jumpers knee] is a result of
irritation of patellar tendon complex between its attachments on the tibia & patella
41
patellar tendonitis is common to the person who...
must jump a great deal in sport participation
42
typically a person with patellar tendonitis will experience pain at ______ sites within this complex?
1 of 3
43
3 sites to experience patellar tendonitis
superior or inferior pole of patella or at tibial tuberosity [most common]
44
S&S patellar tendonitis
pain around patella that may spread to tibial tuberosity
decreased quad ability
worse with activity
45
1st aid patellar tendonitis
```
compression
rest
ice
strengthen & stretch
*Physician referral
```
46
several conditions involve misalignment of the patella to the _____
femur
47
2 patellofemoral conditions include
chondromalacia patella
| patellofemoral stress syndrome
48
misalignment of the patella and femur may be related to what
q angle
49
what is the q angle
difference between a straight line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine to the center of the patella, & a line drawn from the center of the patella through the COG tibial tuberosity
50
what q angle is acceptable
angle of 15 deg. to 20 deg. female>male
51
what does excessive q angle result in
patella pulled too far laterally during knee extension
52
what occurs if there is abnormal Patellofemoral configuration as a result of some skeletal (Q angle), muscular, or mechanical dysfunction
pain results
53
what is chondromalacia patella
softening & deterioration of the cartilage surface on the back of the patella bc of abnormal movement or over-use
54
S&S chondromalacia patella
pain in walking, running, stairs, squatting, swelling, grating sensation GROSS
55
1st aid chondromalacia patella
```
isometric exercise
avoid irritation
strengthen quads
wear knee sleeve
arthroscopic surgery [may be psychological]
```
56
what are menisci
2 semilunar semicircular fibrocartilaginous disks in the knee
57
what are the 2 types of menisci
medial and lateral
58
what are the menisci purpose
- nourish & lubricate joint
- weight distribution
- assistance w/ joint biomechanics
59
how are the menisci typically damaged
quick sharp cutting movements
60
menisci injury is more likely to occur if foot is in what position
planted firmly on the playing surface
61
although there are many types of tears that can affect the meniscus, what is an example of one
torn flap of meniscus will get caught in the joint causing it to lock
62
S&S menisci tear
```
pop/snap
may or may not swell
may or may not hurt
loss of ROM
may be able to participate still
feeling the knee is "giving out" or locking
```
63
1st aid meniscus injury
ice
compression
crutches
*physician
64
t/f meniscus injuries often end players careers
false; new methods & surgery allow athletes to return to participation
65
4 major ligaments of the knee
anterior cruciate
posterior cruciate
tibial or medial collateral
Fibular or lateral collateral
66
explain grade 1 knee sprains
```
stretched ligament
minimal bleeding
no loss of function
joint stiffness
point tenderness
```
67
explain grade 2 knee sprains
```
some fibers torn
more bleeding
slight swelling
moderate pain
slight function loss
mod-sev stiffness
slight joint laxity
```
68
explain grade 3 knee sprains
```
complete tear/rupture
min-mod swelling
complete function loss
immediate pain
unstable joint
```
69
which is most common, LCL or MCL sprain
MCL
70
the MCL sprain is a result of
valgus stress
71
MOI for MCL sprains
blow to lateral side of the knee
72
the LCL sprain is a result of
varus stress
73
MOI for LCL sprain
blow to medial side of the knee
74
both LCL and MCL sprains render the knee unstable in what type of movements
side to side
75
when is the PCL injured
- tibia moves in a forceful posterior direction;
| - femur is pushed forward while tibia is held in place
76
how is the ACL injured
- tibia moves in a forceful anterior direction;
| - femur gets pushed backward while tibia is held in place
77
what type of body movements cause ACL injuries
quick rotational movement without contact, stops and starts, awkward landings
78
what do muscle often do when an ACL is torn
muscle guarding: tighten & provide knee stability [splint the joint] in place of ACL
79
how many ACL injuries per year
- 80,000 - 250,000
| - >50% occur to athletes ages 15-25
80
incidence for female ACL injuries in age range is ____ times greater than males
4 - 6
81
estimated cost per ACL injury
$17,000 - $25,000
| [loss of participation, scholarship loss, disability]
82
the stronger the quads activation during _____ contraction {changing direction, slowing down} the greater the likelihood of ____ injury, especially in ______.
eccentric, ACL, females
83
example of a non contact cruciate ligament injury
ACL injury
84
6 main causes for non contact cruciate ligament injuries
1. environment [shoes, surface]
2. anatomical [q angle, BMI]
3. hormonal [recent relationship between sex hormone change & ACL laxity]
4. neuromuscular [altered movement pattern, muscle activation pattern, fatigue]
5. biomechanical [landing technique]
6. family [genetics]
85
S&S of non contact cruciate ligament injuries
```
knee forced beyond ROM
unstable knee
pain
swelling
snap/pop
```
86
1st aid non-contact cruciate ligament injuries
ice
compression
crutches
*physician
87
7 theories for ACL injuries in females
1. wider hips [greater q angle]
2. small intercondylar notch on femur where ACL attaches
3. weak/small ACL
4. reduced muscle strength
5. menstruating
6. play in upright [vertical] position
7. insufficient neuromuscular training
88
IT band syndrome is aka
runners knee
89
MOI IT band syndrome
overuse [runners, cyclists] with irritation over lateral femoral condyle
90
S&S IT band syndrome
tender
pain
warm
mild swelling
91
treatment IT band syndrome
stretching
correct foot alignment
ice/ice massage before&after
medication
92
Knee injury prevention begins with
proper warm-up prior to vigorous activity/sport
93
what type of programs may reduce the possibility of an ACL tear, especially in females?
jump & landing training
94
2 types of knee bracing
1. prophylactic
| 2. functional knee
95
which tends to work better after knee surgery?
functional knee braces
96
what physical conditioning techniques prevent knee injury
strength, flexibility, CVR endurance, stretching, plyometrics, core strengthening
