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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

most common upper body injury in this region (1/3)

A

fractured clavicle

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2
Q

MOI for fractured clavicle?

A

falling with arms outstretched

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3
Q

what is the adolescent form of a fractured clavicle known as?

A

greenstick fracture (incomplete)

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4
Q

a fractured clavicle possesses a potential danger to _______ and ________ structures & should be treated by a physician

A

neural, vascular

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5
Q

signs and symptoms of a fractured clavicle

A

swelling, pain, tenderness, deformity, discoloration, held arm

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6
Q

First aid methods for fractured clavicle

A

treat for shock
apply ice
immobilize
swath & bandage

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7
Q

uncommon injury normally a result of a direct blow

A

fractured scapula

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8
Q

S &S of fractured scapula

A
  • less clear than clavicle;

considerable pain, severe blow, function loss

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9
Q

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries MOI

A

downward blow to the lateral shoulder or falling on outstretched arm

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10
Q

AC joint injuries include ____ and ____ ligaments

A

AC and CC ligaments

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11
Q

injury severity for the AC joint injury is graded on damage to the _____. explain.

A

ligament; 1st degree sprain, 2nd degree sprain, 3rd degree sprain, etc.

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12
Q

this injury is involved in 40% of shoulder injuries

A

AC joint injury

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13
Q

S&S of AC joint injuries

A

swelling, tenderness, painful shoulder movement, (3rd degree: pop heard with visible deformity)

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14
Q

First aid for AC joint injury

A

shock treatment, (p)rice, immobilize (sling & swathe), refer to physician (not EMS)

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15
Q

SC joint injuries MOI

A

external blow to the shoulder resulting in dislocating of proximal clavicle; most common with clavicle moving anteriorly and superiorly

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16
Q

the SC joint is supported by several _________

A

ligaments

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17
Q

the SC joint is formed by the union of the ______ end of the _____ and ______ of the _______

A

proximal clavicle; manubrium of the sternum

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18
Q

S&S of SC joint injury

A

gross deformity of joint, swelling & pain, snapping or tearing sensations, individual holds their arm

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19
Q

1st aid for SC joint injury

A

shock, ice, compression, bandage & sling, physician referral

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20
Q

GH joint injury MOI

A

abducted, externally rotated arm stressing GH ligament.

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21
Q

most common type of GH joint injury is anterior ________, ______, or complete ________

A

dislocation, subluxation or complete dislocation

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22
Q

S&S for GH joint injury (dislocation)

A

deformity, down/sloping shoulder, abnormally long arm, humeral head palpable, unable to touch opp. shoulder

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23
Q

S&S for GH joint injury (subluxation)

A

GH joint may appear normal, painful to move, point tenderness

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24
Q

first aid for GH joint injury

A

should, apply ice, immobilize, do not reduce, refer to physician

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25
GH joint injuries tend to be _____ and ______. Surgical treatment may be necessary
chronic, reoccur
26
any _____ of the shoulder can suffer a ____. Most common?
muscle, strain. most common: rotator cuff strain
27
MOI rotator cuff strains
errors in throw or swing (especially the follow through) contribute to over use injury
28
rotator cuff muscles contribute to ____ _____ stability plus abduction and rotation
GH joint
29
S&S rotator cuff strains
pain within shoulder especially during follow through; difficulty bringing arm back during "cocking" phase of the throw; pain & stiffness of shoulder 24 hours after activity; point tenderness
30
1st aid for rotator cuff strains
not practical (injury is chronic); RICE for pain; medical referral; rehabilitation (strength & flexibility)
31
what is "impingement syndrome" ?
when bursae/tendon is squeezed between moving structures
32
in impingement cases affecting the GH joint, the tendon of the ________ ______ is commonly impinged
supraspinatus muscle
33
any condition that decreases the size of the ______ _____ or causes poor alignment of the ______ with the ____ fossa may result in impingement syndrome
- subacromial space - humerus - glenoid
34
participants in sports that emphasize _____ ____ movements have a high risk of impingement injury
overhead arm
35
S&S of impingement syndrome
``` pain with abduction & external rotation; strength loss; pain when abducted beyond 80-90 degrees; nocturnal pain; pain felt deep within shoulder ```
36
1st aid for impingement syndrome
- not practical --> chronic injury - rest, anti-inflammatory - modify activity - progressive strength train (PT) - in extreme cases: surgery (shave calcium deposits)
37
during _____ tendon inures, the long head of the ____ can be compressed within the subacromial space
biceps tendon injury
38
in biceps tendon injuries, the long head of the tendon may get _________
tendonitis
39
****bicep tendon injury MOI
violent force may subluxate the long head of the tendon from the bicipital groove (often called a SLAP lesion)
40
S&S of biceps tendon injury
painful abduction adduction external rotation of shoulder; resisted flexion/extension yields a popping sensation
41
1st aid for biceps tendon injury
overuse injury (no 1st aid); traumatic tendon subluxations --> immediate ice & compression;
42
what should you do for long term biceps tendon injuries?
rest anti inflammatories & gradually progressive rehab (if symptoms persist, seek surgery)
43
_______ _____ are common in sports and lead to _____ in the shoulder
external blows, contusions
44
the ___ joint is well protected by muscles while the ___ and ____ joints are exposed
GH joint; AC, SC joints are exposed
45
S&S of contusions of the shoulder
decreased ROM, discoloration/swelling, muscle spasm
46
1st aid of shoulder contusion
ice, compression, sling & swathe, rest
47
prevention techniques for injuries
1. conditioning 2. warm-up 3. falling properly 4. proper throwing technique
48
bones of the elbow and forearm
radius ulna humerus
49
3 joints of forearm
humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar
50
the distal end of the ______ articulates with the carpal row
radius
51
what two ligaments stabilize the elbow joint
ulnar & radial collateral ligaments
52
which ligament stabilizes the radioulnar joint
annular ligament
53
majority of upper arm injuries are...
contusions and fractures
54
How does a contusion occur?
muscle tissue is compressed between skin & bone; repeated blows result in myositis ossificans traumatica
55
what is myositis ossificans?
chronic inflammation of the muscle develops bone-like tissue within the muscle
56
how fast does myositis ossificans develop?
develops over weeks / months; is often ignored during early stages
57
S & S of myositis ossificans
recent history of contusion; pain swelling discoloration; strength or sensation loss; muscle spams
58
first aid for myositis ossificans
RICE; sling; physician if over 72 hours
59
MOI for tricep injuries
direct blow or fall in outstretched arm or hand (either can result in partial or complete tear of muscle or tendon)
60
sports where tricep injuries are most common?
weight lifting, power lifting, alpine skiing, vball
61
S&S of tricep injuries
popping in humerus, pain, discoloration, visible defect, swelling
62
First aid for tricep injuries
immobilize, physician, ice & compression (minor)
63
fractures of the upper arm are rare but may be associated with activities that involve ....
collisions or high speed falls
64
S&S of upper arm fractures
pain, deformity, function & sensory loss (radial nerve), spasms, pop noise,
65
First aid for upper arm fractures
immediate ice & compression, splint, monitor pulse/sensation changes, sling & swathe, treat for shock, medical emergency
66
how many joint in the elbow are bound together by ligaments
3
67
MOI for elbow sprains & injuries
falling backward with elbow locked in extension, hypertension, hyperextension; falling on fully flexed or extended arm
68
_____ ______ constitute extreme elbow sprains
elbow dislocations
69
S&S of elbow injuries
deformity in dislocations, loss of function, pain, swelling, difficulty in gripping, neurological symptoms possible
70
1st aid for elbow injuries
ice, compression, sling & swathe bandage, monitor pulse, treatment for shock, summon EMS
71
S&S of elbow fracture
recent elbow trauma, deformity (displaced fracture), pain & dysfunction, swelling, blood supply compromised if arm is cold & clammy,
72
_____ epicondyle us the attachment site of the forearm flexor and ulnar collateral ligament
medial epicondyle
73
______ epicondyle is the attachment site of the forearm extensor & radial collateral ligaments
lateral
74
what type of sports place great stress on epicondylar region
those that require gripping with wrist movements
75
what two sports injuries are associated with the flexors and medial humeral epicondyle?
1. little league elbow (in pitching) | 2. golfers elbow
76
what injury is associated with the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle injury?
tennis elbow
77
MOI for epicondylitis of the elbow
excessive use, poor technique, change in material, equipment "too small," grip too tight, muscle imbalance in shoulder
78
S&S of epicondylitis of the elbow
pain/swelling on 1 or both condyles, pain w/ activity, radiating pain to forearms, epicondylar pain with resisted wrist movements
79
1st aid for elbow epicondylitis
PRICE for pain, correct potential causes, refer to physician if pain is persistent
80
external blows from the elbow are common (contusions) & the majority result in temporary symptoms such as...
swelling around olecranon, pain/stiffness, elevated skin temp, joint signs of internal hemorrhage
81
repeated irritation (instead of 1 traumatic event) to the olecranon process of the elbow leads to _____ _____ instead of a contusion
olecranon bursitis
82
1st aid for olecranon contusions
ice, minor compression, use padding for protection (prevents repeated damage) --> for recurrent bursitis refer to a physician
83
what are the bones of the wrist??
ulna, radius, 8 carpal bones
84
what are the joints of the wrist??
radiocarpal, distal radioulnar, intercarpal, midcarpal
85
what stabilizes the wrist?
the ligaments (on all 4 sides)
86
what type of joint is the wrist?
condyloid (flexion/extension abduction/adduction)
87
Although the wrist has many muscles involved what are the 2 categories ?
flexors & extensors
88
the tendons of the wrist are held in place by the ______ . what is this ligamentous structure called?
retinaculum (horizontal tissue); transverse carpal ligament
89
major vessels and nerves pass through the ______ _____ ______ of the wrist. What are they?
transverse carpal ligament; 1. ulnar & radial arteries & veins 2. ulnar median & radian nerve
90
what makes up the floor & roof of the carpal tunnel ?
floor: carpal bones roof: transverse carpal ligament
91
the carpal tunnel contains what structures?
8 flexor tendons & the median nerve
92
most injuries to the wrist are acute, and are ..
contusion, fractures, sprains & strains
93
some injuries to the wrist are classified as chronic and are...
tendonitis & carpal tunnel
94
what is a typical acute injury to the wrist?
wrist fracture; fracture to the scaphoid bone (tend to occur at the "waist" of the bone)
95
wrist fractures are common in which sport
football blocking
96
is a deformity present in wrist fractures?
no
97
S&S of wrist fractures
trauma with popping sensation, scaphoid affected, pain with movement, wrist feels locked, positive snuffbox test
98
1st aid for wrist fractures
PRICE; splint, sling & swathe, leave fingers exposed for monitoring circulation, refer to physician
99
What is a colle's fracture ?
damage to the distal radius --> many think they fractures their wrist when in fact they fractured their forearm
100
a colle's fracture is an example of a ______ forearm fracture & is ____ in sport
distal; rare

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