Chapter 15 - pathology/terminology Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
dislocation (luxation)
A
the bone is displaced from a joint
2
Q
subluxation
A
a partial dislocation
3
Q
nursemaid’s elbow (jerked elbow)
A
partial dislocation of the radial head of a child
4
Q
apposition
A
the manner in which the fragmented ends of the bone make contact with each other
5
Q
name the three types of apposition
A
anatomic apposition, lack of apposition, & bayonet apposition
6
Q
anatomic apposition
A
end of the fragments make end-to-end contact
7
Q
lack of apposition (distraction)
A
ends of a fragments are aligned but are not making contact with each other
8
Q
bayonet apposition
A
the fragments overlap and the shafts make contact but not at the fracture ends.
9
Q
angulation
A
loss of alignment of the fracture (apex is the direction of the angulation)
10
Q
name three types of angulation
A
apex angulation, varus deformity, valgus deformity
11
Q
what is apex angulation
A
describes the direction of the apex
12
Q
what is varus deformity
A
the distal fragment ends are angled toward the midline of the body and results in a lateral apex that points away from the midline
13
Q
what is valgus deformity
A
opposite of varus: the distal fragment ends are angled away from the midline and the apex is pointed toward the midline
14
Q
inversion
A
varus
15
Q
eversion
A
valgus
16
Q
simple (closed) fracture
A
bone does not break through the skin
17
Q
compound (open) fracture
A
portion of the bone protrudes through the skin
18
Q
incomplete (partial) fracture
A
the fracture does not traverse through entire bone
19
Q
two types of incomplete fracture
A
torus & greenstick
20
Q
torus fracture
A
buckle of the cortex (outer portion of the bone) is characterized by localized expansion or torus of the cortex with little or no displacement
21
Q
greenstick fracture (hickory or willow stick fx)
A
fracture is only on one side. the cortex on one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent
22
Q
complete fracture
A
the break is complete
23
Q
name three types of complete fractures
A
transverse, oblique, & spiral
24
Q
transverse fracture
A
fracture is transverse at a near right angle to the long axis of the bone
25
oblique fracture
the fracture passes through bone at an oblique angle
26
spiral fracture
the bone has been twisted apart and the fracture spirals around the long axis
27
comminuted fracture
the bone is splintered or crushed at the site of impact resulting in two or more fragments
28
name the three types of comminuted fractures
segmental, butterfly, & splintered
29
segmental fracture
a type of double fracture in which two fracture lines isolate a distinct segment of bone; the bone is broken into three pieces, with the middle fragment fractured at both ends
30
butterfly fracture
a comminuted fracture with two fragments on each side of a main, wedge-shaped separate fragment; it has some resemblance to the wings of a butterfly
31
splintered fracture
a comminuted fracture in which the bone is splintered into thin sharp fragments
32
impacted fracture
one fragment is firmly driven into the other
33
Barton's fracture
intra-articular fracture of the posterior lip of the distal radius
34
baseball (mallet) fracture
fracture of the distal phalanx is caused by a ball striking the end of an extended finger. the DIP joint is partially flexed and an avulsion fracture is frequently present at the posterior base of the distal phalanx
35
Bennett's fracture
longitudinal fracture, which occurs at the base of the first metacarpal with the fracture line entering the carpometacarpal joint, generally includes a posterior dislocation or subluxation
36
boxer's fracture
involves the distal fifth metacarpal, with an apex posterior angulation best demonstrated on the lateral view. it's results is from punching something or someone
37
colles' fracture
fracture of the wrist in which the distal radius is fractured with the distal fragment displaced posteriorly. may result from a forward fall on an outstretched arm.
38
smith's fracture (reverse colles')
fracture of the wrist in which the distal radius is fractured with the distal fragment displaced anteriorly rather than posteriorly. backwards fall on outstretched arms
39
pott's fracture
a complete fracture of the distal fibula with major injury to the ankle joint, including ligament damage and frequent fracture of the distal tibia or medial malleolus
40
avulsion fracture
severe stress to a tendon or ligament in a joint region. a fragment of bone is separated or pulled away by the attached tendon or ligament
41
blowout and/or tripod fracture
results from a direct blow to the orbit and/or maxilla and zygoma, create fractures to the orbital floor and lateral orbital margins, respectively.
42
chip fracture
involves an isolated bone fragment, however, this is not the same as an avulsion fracture because this fracture is not cause by tendon or ligament stress.
43
compression fracture
this vertebral fracture is caused by compression-type injury. the vertebral body collapses or is compressed.
44
depressed fracture (Ping-Pong)
fracture of the skull, a fragment is depressed. the appearance is similar to a Ping-Pong ball that has been pressed in by the finger, but if the indentation can be elevated again, it can assume its near-original position
45
epiphyseal fracture
fracture through the epiphyseal plate , the point of union of the epiphyseal and shaft of a bone. usually long bones in children
46
pathologic fracture
fractures due to disease process within the bone
47
stellate fracture
the fracture lines radiate from a central point of injury with a star-like pattern. most common site is at the patella
48
stress or fatigue fracture (march)
non-traumatic in origin. it results from repeated stress on a bone, such as from marching or running
49
trimalleolar fracture
this fracture of the ankle joint involves the medial and lateral malleoli as well as the posterior lip of the distal tibia
50
tuft or burst fracture
this comminuted fracture of the distal phalanx may be caused by a crushing blow to the distal finger or thumb
51
closed reduction
fracture fragments are re-aligned by manipulation and are immobilized by a cast or splint. a non-surgical procedure
52
open reduction
severe fractures with significant displacement. a surgical procedure is required
53
open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF)
surgical procedure involving screws, rods, and plates
54
post-reduction radiographs
two projections taken at right angles of each other for full assessment of the fracture reduction
55
what is the increase in KV for cast?
fiberglass - +3 to +4, small to medium - +5 to +7, large - +8 to +10
56
ACL stands for what?
anterior cruciate ligament
57
arthrodesis
stiffening of a joint by operative means
58
arthropathy
any disease that affects a joint
59
arthroplasty
creation of an artificial joint to correct ankylosis
60
asepsis
a state of sterility; condition in which living pathogens are absent
61
cancellous screw
orthopedic screw designed to enter and fix porous and spongy bone
62
cannulated screw
large screw used for internal fixation of non-displaced fractures of proximal femur
63
cardiac pacemaker
an artificial regulator for cardiac rate and rhythm
64
cerclage wire
orthopedic wire that tightens around fracture site to reduce shortening of limb
65
cesium implants
the use of radioactive cesium in the treatment of certain malignancies, including prostate cancer
66
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
67
cortical screw
narrow orthopedic screw designed to enter and fix cortical bone
68
CR
closed reduction - cast or traction
69
cystoscope
lighted tubular endoscope used for examination of the urinary bladder
70
DHS
dynamic hip screw
71
dynamic compression plate
screw and plate combination used to apply forces through the fracture site; used commonly for long bone shaft fractures in which stress may be great
72
ESWL - extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
electrohydraulic shock waves used to break apart calcifications in the urinary system
73
EX-FIX
external fixation
74
fracture table (orthopedic)
a special OR table used for hip pinnings and other orthopedic procedures to provide traction to the involved limb and allow fluoroscopy to be performed during the procedure
75
hip pinning
surgical procedure designed to reduce proximal femoral fractures through the use of various internal fixation devices
76
HTO
high tibial osteotomy
77
ilizarov technique
procedure in which a special external fixator is used to lengthen long bones as treatment for severe fracture or congenital deformity
78
IM nail
intramedullary nail
79
interbody bone fusion device
titanium or other alloy cage filled with bone and inserted between the vertebral bodies to maintain disk space height and permit fusion of the intervertebral joint
80
intramedullary rod
a flexible or rigid device placed within the medullary cavity to reduce a fracture or stabilize a diseased long bone
81
kirschner wire (k-wire)
unthreaded (smooth) or threaded metallic wire used to reduce fractures of the wrist and individual bones of the hands and feet; also may be used for skeletal traction
82
laminectomy
a surgical procedure performed to alleviate pain caused by neural impingement by removing an aspect of the lamina in the vertebral arch
83
laminotomy
surgical opening into one or more laminae of the vertebral arch
84
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
use of a special endoscopic device to visualize and assist with surgical removal of the gallbladder
85
lithotripsy
crushing of calcification in the renal pelvis, ureter, or urinary bladder by mechanical force or sound waves
86
microdiskectomy
microsurgical procedure performed on the spine to remove bony fragments or disk material that may be causing neural impingement
87
neural impingement
a condition in which bony changes or a herniated disk produces impingement of the spinal nerve that pass through the vertebral arch of the vertebra
88
operative (immediate) cholangiography
radiographic procedure performed during surgery to visualize and locate undetected stones or obstructions within the biliary ducts
89
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
90
prosthesis
fabricated (artificial) substitute for a diseased or missing anatomic part
91
reduce
to align two bone fragments in the correct position as treatment for a fracture, as applied in orthopedic medicine
92
retrograde urography
a nonfunctional examination of the urinary system during which contrast media is introduced directly retrograde (backward, against the flow) into the pelvicalyceal system via catheterization by a urologist during a minor surgical procedure
93
semitubular plate
flexible and thin orthopedic plate used to fix and connect fractures
94
shower curtain
an isolation drape that separates the sterile field from the nonsterile environment; often used to permit the use of C-arm fluoroscopy during a hip pinning procedure
95
spinal fusion
surgical fusion of one vertebra to another, which stabilizes them following laminectomy or as treatment for a degenerative condition or fracture
96
spinal stenosis
condition caused by degenerative changes that result in enlargement of the facet joints, which often leads to impingement of the spinal nerves that pass by them
97
strike-through
soaking of moisture through a sterile or nonsterile drape, cover, or protective barrier, permitting bacteria to reach sterile areas
98
THR, THA
total hip replacement, total hip appliance
99
TKR, TKA
total knee replacement, total knee appliance
100
total joint arthroplasty
the use of artificial joint implants to restore motion and function of a joint - total hip replacement
101
traction
the process of putting a limb, bone, or group of muscles under tension with the use of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize the part
