Chapter 14 - Urinary System

Question 1

acute renal failure

Answer 1

marked by uremia, oliguria, or anuria with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema; IVU demos little or no contrast media filtered through the kidney. ultrasound safe alternative.

Question 2

angioedema

Answer 2

regions or areas of subcutaneous swelling caused by an allergic reaction to food or drugs.

Question 3

anuria

Answer 3

complete cessation of urinary secretion by the kidneys; also called anuresis

Question 4

bacteriuria

Answer 4

presence of bacteria in the urine

Question 5

bradycardia

Answer 5

slowness of heartbeat, usually <50 beats/minute

Question 6

bronchospasm

Answer 6

contraction of the bronchi and bronchiolar muscles, producing restriction of air passages

Question 7

diuretic

Answer 7

an agent that increases excretion of urine

Question 8

fecaluria

Answer 8

fecal matter in the urine

Question 9

glucosuria

Answer 9

glucose in the urine

Question 10

hematuria

Answer 10

blood in the urine

Question 11

hypotension

Answer 11

below normal arterial blood pressure

Question 12

laryngospasm

Answer 12

closure of the glottis aperture within the glottic opening of the larynx

Question 13

lasix

Answer 13

brand name for a diuretic

Question 14

lithotripsy

Answer 14

a therapeutic technique that uses acoustic (sound) waves to shatter large kidney stones into small particles that can be passed

Question 15

micturition

Answer 15

the act of voiding or urination

Question 16

nephroptosis

Answer 16

excessive inferior displacement of the kidney when erect

Question 17

oliguria

Answer 17

excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to fluid intake, usually defined as less than 400 ml/24 hr.

Question 18

two other names for oliguria

Answer 18

hypouresis or oligouresis

Question 19

pneumouria

Answer 19

presence of gas in the urine, usually as the result of a fistula between the bladder and the intestine

Question 20

polyuria

Answer 20

passage of a large volume of urine in relation to fluid intake during a given period; a common symptom of diabetes.

Question 21

proteinuria

Answer 21

the presence of excessive serum protein levels in the urine; also termed albuminuria

Question 22

renal agenesis

Answer 22

absence of formation of a kidney

Question 23

renal failure ( acute or chronic)

Answer 23

the inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake

Question 24

chronic renal failure

Answer 24

results from a wide variety of conditions and may require hemodialysis or transplantation

Question 25

retention

Answer 25

the inability to void, which may be due to obstruction in the urethra or lack of sensation to urinate

Question 26

syncope

Answer 26

loss of consciousness caused by reduced cerebral blood flow.

Question 27

syncope also means

Answer 27

fainting

Question 28

tachycardia

Answer 28

rapid heartbeat, usually >100 beats/minute

Question 29

uremia

Answer 29

an excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism; often present with chronic renal failure.

Question 30

uremia is also known as

Answer 30

azotemia

Question 31

urinary incontinence

Answer 31

involuntary passage of urine through the urethra; commonly caused by failure of voluntary control of the vesical and urethral sphincters

Question 32

urinary reflux

Answer 32

backward or return flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and kidney;

Question 33

urinary reflux is also termed

Answer 33

vesicoureteral reflux

Question 34

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 34

infection that frequently occurs in adults and children caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or certain parasites; commonly caused by vesicoureteral reflux

Question 35

urticaria

Answer 35

an eruption of wheals (hives) often caused by hypersensitivity to food or drugs

Question 36

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Answer 36

an enlargement of the prostate that generally begins in the fifth decade of life, it may cause urethral compression and obstruction. the floor of the bladder may appear elevated and indented.

Question 37

bladder calculi

Answer 37

stones that form in the urinary bladder. not as common as renal calculi but can grow large in the bladder

Question 38

bladder carcinoma

Answer 38

a tumor that is three time more common in males than in females. systems include hematuria and frequent urination. CT or MRI

Question 39

congenital anomalies

Answer 39

structural or chemical imperfections or alterations present at birth

Question 40

duplication of the ureter and renal pelvis

Answer 40

involves two ureters and/or the renal pelvis originating from the same kidney. most common of urinary system

Question 41

ectopic kidney

Answer 41

normal kidney that fails to ascend into the abdomen but remains in the pelvis. the kidney has a shorter than normal ureter. interferes with the birth process in females

Question 42

horseshoe kidney

Answer 42

occurs as a fusion of the kidneys during development of the fetus. usually the lower poles. usually doesn't affect the function of the kidneys

Question 43

malrotation

Answer 43

abnormal rotation of the kidney that is evident when the renal pelvis is turned from a medial to an anterior or posterior direction

Question 44

cystitis

Answer 44

inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. most often seen in females due to the shorter urethra

Question 45

glomerulonephritis (Bright's Disease)

Answer 45

inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys

Question 46

nephritis

Answer 46

inflammation of the nephron

Question 47

acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 47

enlarged kidney

Question 48

chronic glomerulonephritis

Answer 48

small kidney size with blunt rounded calyces

Question 49

polycystic kidney disease

Answer 49

disorder marked by cysts scattered throughout one or both kidneys. most common cause of enlarged kidneys. genetic or congenital. described as a bunch of grapes. types, infantile, childhood, and adult

Question 50

renal calculi

Answer 50

calcifications that occur in the luminal aspect of the urinary tract

Question 51

staghorn calculus

Answer 51

a large stone that grows and fills the renal pelvis completely blocking the flow of urine

Question 52

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

Answer 52

most frequent type of malignant tumor of the kidney. three times more frequent in males. the tumor itself is typically a large irregular mass with internal areas of necrosis and hemorrhage

Question 53

hydronephrosis

Answer 53

distention of the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidneys that results from some obstruction of the ureters or renal pelvis.

Question 54

pyelonephritis

Answer 54

an inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria affecting primarily the interstitial tissue between the tubules.

Question 55

renal hypertension

Answer 55

increased blood pressure to the kidney through the renal artery due to artherosclerosis. results from increased excretion of renin, which results in excessive vasoconstriction

Question 56

severe hypertension

Answer 56

results in localized necrosis of the renal parenchyma and small kidneys, with delayed excretion and over-concentration of contrast media

Question 57

renal obstruction

Answer 57

may be caused by necrotic debris, calculus, thrombus, or trauma

Question 58

acute obstruction

Answer 58

during IVU, the nephrogram demonstrates reduced perfusion of contrast media through the kidney. may be hours after injection.

Question 59

chronic or partial obstruction

Answer 59

during IVU, the collecting system may be opacified, but the calyces may show signs of enlargement and hydronephrosis

Question 60

vesicorectal (vesicocolonic) fistula

Answer 60

a fistula (artificial opening) that forms between the urinary bladder and rectum or aspects of the colon. this condition may be due to trauma, tumor, or congenital defect