chapter 16

Question 1

what is stress

Answer 1

a term that refers to the external stimuli (threat or challenge) that links to internal emotional experiences and physical responses

Question 2

what is good stress

Answer 2

can motivate us to do work and enhance functioning

Question 3

what is bad stress

Answer 3

can reduce motivation and impair functioning

Question 4

what is eustress

Answer 4

reaction to good stress

Question 5

what is distress

Answer 5

reaction to bad stress

Question 6

what is the yerkes dodson law

Answer 6

a proposed inverted u-shaped curve for the realtionship b/w stress and performance which says that too much or too little stress impairs functioning

Question 7

what is maximal adaptibility

Answer 7

idea that humans and other organisms are highly adapted to stressors and can maintain high levels of performance when experiencing underload or overload in terms of the environmental demands

Question 8

what is the stress and coping theory

Answer 8

theory of stress that emphasizes the importance of appraisals of both the demands of a stressor and the resources available to deal with the stressor

Question 9

what is a stress response

Answer 9

an internal psychological and biological response to stressors to maintain a balanced state of mind

Question 10

what are acute stressors

Answer 10

short term

Question 11

what are chronic stressors

Answer 11

long term

Question 12

what are traumatic strssors

Answer 12

threat to your own or another’s life or physical integrity

Question 13

how does the amygdala respond to stress

Answer 13

it quickly responds to stress before we even realize it
- this is why you jump when someone scares you, even if it is your own friend

Question 14

how does the hippocampus contribute to stress

Answer 14

it allows us to filter current experiences with past experiences which allows us to imagine things that have not happened yet
- it also can promote activity in the ANS where the symp ns is the activator and the parasymp is the regulator

Question 15

what does the prefrontal cortex do for stress

Answer 15

basically looks at what the amygdala is doing to respond to the stressors and decides to either increase or decrease the activity in the amygdala depending on whether the stressor is a threat or not

Question 16

how does the autonomic system respond to stress

Answer 16

regulates epinephrine and norepinephrine’s responses to stressors and releases cortisol

Question 17

how does the HPA axis respond to stress

Answer 17

it regulates cortisol responses to stressors

Question 18

how do the sympathetic and parasympathetic system work to respond to stress

Answer 18

they work together to thru reciprocal inhibition (where the actions of one system can suppress the other)

Question 19

what is meta-analysis

Answer 19

allows for the statistics from multiple studies to be combined in order to come up with a summary conclusion about a particular research question

Question 20

how does cortisol move throughout the day

Answer 20

increases rapidly after waking up and declines throughout the day

Question 21

what is a freeze response

Answer 21

freezing movement in the presence of stressors

Question 22

what are feedback loops

Answer 22

system in which output from one system influences the output of another system by either increases (positive feedback) or inhibiting (negative feedback) the second system

Question 23

what is an inflammatory response

Answer 23

immune system response to injury, infection and psychological stressors that allows for killing of any foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria as well as healing bodily tissues

Question 24

what are primary appraisals

Answer 24

evaluates the demands of the stressor

Question 25

what is secondary appraisal

Answer 25

evaluate your resources available to deal with the stressor

Question 26

how is a challenge different from a threat

Answer 26

challenges: situations where you have enough or more than enough resources to deal with the situation (resources exceed demands) threat: when you don't have enough resources to deal with the situation (demands exceed resources)

Question 27

what was the trier social stress test

Answer 27

a lab acute stressor task that typically involves delivering a speech and performing difficult mental arithmic in front of an audience

Question 28

what is the perceived stress scale

Answer 28

questionnaire which uses perceived stress that measures the extent to which people perceive their lives as unpreditable, uncontrollable, and overloading

Question 29

what does reliable mean

Answer 29

refers to the extent that a test gives consistent results overtime for one individual and b/w different individuals

Question 30

what does prevalent means

Answer 30

the extent ow hich a specific factor or disease is found in a specific population in a specific period of time

Question 31

what is the diathesis-stress model

Answer 31

theory that mental and physical disorders devo from a genetic or bio predisposition for that illness combines with stressful condition play a percipitating or facilitating role

Question 32

what is the plasticity factor

Answer 32

the extent to which people are sensitive to their environment and are likely to benefit form a + environment and suffer in a negative environment

Question 33

what is the vulnerability factor

Answer 33

the extent to which people are likely to suffer negative consequences if they are exposed to a negative environment

Question 34

what is an absolute risk

Answer 34

the probability or chance of experiencing a specific outcome

Question 35

what is social rejection

Answer 35

circumstances that involve exclusion from a relationship or interaction with other people

Question 36

what are the 4 different types of stressors

Answer 36

- loss event: loosing people - humiliation events: stressors involving devaluation of self respect with others opinions usualy around rejection or failure - entrapment sits: markedly difficult circumstances of at least 6 months duration that persist or worsen - danger events: potential future loss

Question 37

what are stressors that most strongly inc risk for psychiatric disorders

Answer 37

family violence, abuse, and neglect as well as substance usem illness and criminality

Question 38

what is an episodic course

Answer 38

kind of disorder that involves periods of sickness followed by periods of wellness

Question 39

what is a latent virus

Answer 39

virus that stays dormant in bodily cells and reactivates at intervals like high stress - ex: hiv

Question 40

what is chronic inflammation

Answer 40

inc levels of inflammatory proteins in the body which are present even at rest and over long periods of time

Question 41

independently associated

Answer 41

when the relationship b/w the two variables is present even when other variables are adjusted in a stat model

Question 42

what is the social brain hypothesis

Answer 42

theory that humans other primates evolved relatively lar and metabolically expensive brains in order to function in complex social networks in which we operate in

Question 43

what are the different types of support

Answer 43

- emotional support: expressions of love n shi - instrumental support: tangible offering like taking notes for someone - informational support: advice and info that can be given - appraisal support: help evaluating the demands of a situation and the resources to deal with it

Question 44

what is the mindfulness-based stress reduction

Answer 44

one specific program involving the mediation practice of mindfulness