chapter 16 Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
what is sexual reproduction
A
- young is formed when two nuclei of two sex cells (egg and spem) fuses together
- fertilisation
2
Q
what happens when fertilisation take place
A
- it develops into an embryo and eventually into an individual
- contains genetic material from parents
3
Q
heredity
A
- passing down of genetic material from one generation to another
4
Q
how does mixing of traits occur
A
- individual inherits genetic material from nucleus of egg and sperm in unique combination
- different combination results in similarities/differences between individual and their parents/siblings
- diseases and disorders can be carried in genetic material (parent -> offspring)
5
Q
puberty
A
- 11-14 years
- hormones are produced by the body
- chemicals produced by different parts of the body
- control and coordinate activities throughout the body by triggering other organs to functions
- small quantities in blood, play huge effect on many organ systems
6
Q
puberty in boys
A
- height and weight increase
- voice deepens
- facial hair, armpit hair, pubic hair appear
- muscle strength increase
- production of sperm begins
7
Q
puberty in girls
A
- height and weight increase
- breast begin to develop
- hips broaden and become rounder
- armpit hair and pubic hair appear
- maturation of eggs begins
8
Q
male reproductive system
A
- sex glands
- sperm duct
- urethra
- testis
- penis
9
Q
sex glands (m)
A
produce nutrients fluid to nourish sperm
10
Q
sperm duct (m)
A
carries sperm from testes to urethra
11
Q
urethra (M)
A
- tube that allows sperm to pass through during ejaculation
- allows urine to be removed
12
Q
testis (M)
A
- produces sperm
- produces mle sex hormones that control sexual development in body
13
Q
penis
A
- deposits semen (white liquid made up of nutrient fluid and sperm) into vagina during ejaculation
14
Q
female reproductive system
A
- oviduct
- ovary
- uterus
- cervix
- vagina
15
Q
oviduct (fallopian tubes)
A
- tube which an egg is released from the ovary
- fertilisation takes place here
16
Q
ovary
A
- produces egg
- produces female sex hormones that control sexual development in body
17
Q
uterus
A
- muscular organ where embryo develops into foetus during pregnancy
- contains a lining called the uterine lining, which thickens to prepare for implantation
- lining breaks down when fertilisation does not occur
18
Q
cervix
A
- opening of uterus
- connects uterus to vagina
19
Q
vagina
A
- sperm is deposited here
- birth canal
20
Q
fertilisation definition
A
- fusion of male and female sex cells
21
Q
fertilisation process
A
- penis deposits semen containing sperm into the vagina
- sperm cells swim through cervix, uterus and into the oviduct
- sperm cell meets egg cell in oviduct
- fertilisation occurs when the nucleus of the sperm and egg fuse together
22
Q
what happens after fertilisation
A
- fertilised egg develops to embryo
- embryo travels down the oviduct towards the uterus
- implanted in the wall of the uterus, where it develops into a foetus
23
Q
what happens if fertilisation does not occur
A
- reproduction cannot take place , no offspring is produced
24
Q
menstruation process
A
- ovaries take turns to release egg cell every 28 days in preparation for fertilisation
- lining on the wall in the uterus thickens, with many blood vessels formed to receive a fertilised egg
- when fertilisation does not occur, lining of the uterus and blood vessels break down and are discharged through the vagina with the unfertilised egg
25
menstrual cycle phases
- days 1-5
- days 6-9
- days 10-15
- days 16-28
26
days 1-5
- menstruation occurs
27
days 6-9
- lining of wall of uterus thickens, many blood vessels forming in it
- prepares uterus for implantation of embryo if fertilisation occurred
28
days 10-15
- 1 ovary will release an egg into oviduct around day 14 (ovulation)
- most fertile
- having sex will likely result in pregnancy
29
days 16-28
- uterine lining continues to thicken
- if no fertilisation takes place, menstruation will occur again after day 28
30
why days 10-15 is most fertile period
- egg survives a day after it is released
- sperm survives around 3-5 days
- sperm may be alive on days 14/15 for fertilisation
31
development of fetus
- 2 months for embryo to grow into a foetus with developed organs
- if mother has poor nourishment, foetus may suffer from poor nourishment
32
effects of substance abuse on foetus
1) baby may be born premature
- require intensive care as organs may not be fully developed
2) born with low birth weight
- undeveloped immune systems + higher risk of infections
3) smoking affects development of foetus' heart, lungs, brain
- develop respiratory problems later in life
- suffer from obesity and diabetes
4) alcohol consumption + drugs can lead to physical, intellectual and behaviour challenges to child
- difficulty paying attention
33
birth control methods
- rhythm method
- condom
- spermicide
- IUD
- birth control
- diaphragm
34
how brith control works
- disrupting certain processes and/or functions of certain organs in human reproductive systems
- can be temporary and permanent
35
rhythm method
- not engaging in sex when the woman is ovulating/fertile period
- can be unreliable and pregnancy can still occur
36
condoms
- rubber covering
- place over penis before sex to prevent sperm from entering uterus
37
spermicide ouch
- cream that kills sperm in vagina
- used alone or plus other methods
- applied near cervix OUCH
38
IUD: intra-uterine device
- contains copper and is inserted into the uterus by a doctor
- prevents sperm from fertilising an egg
- prevents embryo from being implanted into the uterus
- last 3-10 years
39
birth control pills
- contains female sex hormones that disrupt release of eggs from ovaries
- prevents fertilisation
40
diaphragm
- dome shaped, made of plastic
- placed in vagina to cover cervix
- prevents sperm from entering uterus and reaching oviducts
41
permanent birth control methods
- tubal ligation
- vasectomy
42
tubal ligation (F)
- oviducts are surgically cut and tied
- eggs released from ovaries cannot reach oviducts and be fertilised
43
vasectomy (M)
- sperm ducts are sugically cut and tied
- sperm cannot be released from body
- during ejaculation, semen will not contain sperm
- sperm produced in eventually broken down in testes
44
abortion
deliberate termination of a pregnancy
- foetus is removed though the use of medication/surgical means
45
negative effects of abortion
- damage may be done to the uterus, resulting in bleeding
- abortion may result in infertility due to damaged uterus
- develop infection
46
sexually transmitted infections transmitted through
- blood transfusion
- sharing of unsterilised or contaminated needles
- from mother to infant during birth/breast feeding
47
types of STIs
- syphilis
- gonorrhoea
- human immunodeficiency disease
48
syphillis
- type
- symptoms
- long term
1) bacteria
- painless sores and red rashed
- fever
- headache
- sore throat
- patchy hair loss
- weight loss
- muscle ache
- fatigue
- blindness
- paralysis
- major brain/heart damage
49
gonnorrhoea
1) bacterial
- burning sensation during urination
- discharge of pus from penis/vagina
- pain in lower abdomen
- infertility
- long-term pelvic/abdominal pain
50
human immunodeficiency virus
1) viral
- flu-like symptoms (developed in later stages of the infection )
- development of Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome if left untreated (weakened immune systems)
- complication from other infections
- death
51
antibiotics
- kills bacteria
- cures syphilis and gonorrhoea
- cannot kill virus (HIV)
