Chapter 16/17 Flashcards
What did monarchs do?
Taxation Confiscation of land Creation of armies Rewarded some with titles Reduce power of the clergy Increased power of the bourgeoisie Took out loans from bankers Control of mercantilism
Politique
Puts politics ahead of religion
Mercantilism
- Colonies established
- Colonies provide raw materials
- Mother country makes finished products
- Mother country sells the finished products (in most cases back to the colonies)
Bullionism
Gold or silver
Exports>imports
Exports are greater than imports
-favorable balance of trade (make nice profit)
Charles V (I of Spain)
Pope's friend -told Luther to recant Diet of Worms Nephew of Catharine of Aragon Leader in Hapsburg-Valois Wars Defeated Schmalkaldic League Borrowed money from Jacob Fugger to bribe electors Encouraged exploration and mercantilism
Phillip II (1556-1598)
Charles' son Took over after he died Super catholic (no religious tolerance) Fights the Ottoman Turks in Mediterranean Sea Fights the unruly Dutch Wanted to bring back Catholic to England Marries Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I
Bloody Mary’s husband Phillip II wanted to marry Elizabeth after Mary died
Elizabeth aids Dutch in their revolt (angers Phillip)
Queen Mary of Scots (Stuart)
Catholic
Ran out of Scotland by Presbyterians (Calvinists)
Being protected by Elizabeth
Next in line after Elizabeth
Been encouraging assassination of Elizabeth
Plotted with Phillip
Elizabeth hesitates to kill Mary (would anger Phillip, cousins, divine right monarch)
Executed in Spanish Armada (1588)
Henry of Navarre (IV)
Louis XIV's grandfather Founder of the Bourbon dynasty Beloved because of the belief that he cared about the people Kept France at peace Issued Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry IV in 1589 as a compromise between Catholic and Hugenots
- allowed Protestants the right to worship
- Henry was murdered by a Catholic zealot in 1610 (François Ravaillie)
Richelieu (Armand Jean du Plessis) 1585-1642
- Appointed by Marie de Medici to the council of ministers
- 1st minister of the French Crown in 1628
- Declared was on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance
- Helped maintain the monarchy’s power within Europe despite the turmoil of the 30 Years’ War
- Supported the Hapsburgs’ enemies, including Protestants
Fronde
(literally “slingshot”/”catapult”)
-Uprisings of 1648-1653
-Term applied to many individuals and groups who opposed the policies of the government
-Began among the robe nobility when the judges of the Parisian rejected a proposal to raise new revenues by rescinding judicial salaries
-Arrest of several magistrates sparked a popular riot in the capital whose inhabitants had suffered to meet the costs of war
2nd Stage
-extended to the sword nobility, who were also angered by the increasing powers of the central government
Fronde results
It became apparent that compromise between the king and the sword & robe nobility was necessary
-only violence and disorder could come from refusal to negotiate
Intendants
Royal commissioners
- performed specific tasks, often financial, but also judicial and political
- collected info from local communities and delivered royal orders from the capital to their district
17th century
“age of crisis”
Bitterness of religious divides, climate changes, increased pressures exerted by governments, violence and dislocation of war
Absolutism
Government that gathered all power under their personal control
Sovereignty
Possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries
Louis XIV (absolutism)
Compromised with existing powers instead of crushing their power
- size and wealth of France allowed Louis to field enormous armies and pursue the ambitious foreign policies that caused his alarmed neighbors to form coalitions against him
- success of absolutism may be due to new loyalty, professionalism, and size of the French army
- had firm control of his armed forces
Nobles of the sword
“noblesse d’épée”
Old nobility
Estates General
Federal assembly that handled matters of foreign affairs, such as war.
- did not possess sovereign authority; all issues had to be referred back to the local estates for approval
- appointed a stadholder in each province
What happened to Hugenots when Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes?
The new law ordered the destruction of Hugenot churches, closing of schools, the Catholic baptism of Hugenots, and the exile of Hugenot pastors who refused to renounce their faith
-resulted in some of his most loyal and industrially skilled subjects
Jean Bodin
Came up with the term “absolutism”
-writer, government official
Absolutism means:
- The king is not subject to assemblies (does not have to answer Parliament)
- The nobility is subordinated (less power to nobles)
- Had power to tax
- Bureaucracies were filled by the middle class (controlled by king-forever, instead of sharing with nobles)
- Church is subordinated (Protestant Reformation)
- Large standing armies equipped with modern tech (ready to go)
- Rewarded some with titles of nobility
- Often took out loans from merchants and bankers
