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bio2200 > chapter 16! > Flashcards

chapter 16! Flashcards

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1
Q

pathology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

etiology

A

the cause of the disease/what microbe is causing what infection

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

the development of disease

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4
Q

infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions/out of homeostatic range

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6
Q

bacteria found on babies through vaginal birth

A

Lactobacillus and Baceroides
helps establish healthy gut microbiota

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7
Q

bacteria found in babies through cesarian birth

A

resembles the human skin!
S. aureus
higher risk of allergies and autoimmune diseases.

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8
Q

human microbiome project

A

relationships between microbe communities on the body and human health.

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9
Q

normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions.

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10
Q

transient microbiota

A

come and go

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11
Q

the distribution of normal microbiota is determined by

A

nutrients
physical and chemical factors
host defenses
mechanical factors

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12
Q

microbial antagonism

A

microbes competing for nutrients + survival of the fittest.
protect the host by:
competing for nutrients
producing harmful substances
affecting pH and oxygen levels

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13
Q

symbiosis

A

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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14
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, the other is unaffected

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15
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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16
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of another

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17
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person, but can cause disease in a different environment

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18
Q

etiology

A

robert koch
1. same pathogen must be present in every disease case
2. isolate the pathogen from the diseased host and get a pure culture (can be exceptions to viruses that cannot be grown on media)
3. inoculate into a healthy lab animal; show it caused the same disease
4. isolate again and make sure its the same initial pathogen causing the disease

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19
Q

symptoms

A

subjecitive.
changes in body function that are felt by the patient as a result of a disease.
ex. headache

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20
Q

signs

A

objective.
measurable/quantative.
changes in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of the disease
ex. vitals

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21
Q

syndrome

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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22
Q

diagnosis

A

made by the evaluation of signs and symptoms together with lab tests.

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23
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

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24
Q

contagious disease

Study These Flashcards
A

easily spread like wildfires from one host to another

25
noncommunicable disease
does NOT spread from one host to another
26
incidence
the number of people that develop a disease during a particular time period example: running water into the bath tub. the new cases. decreased through people getting vaccinated.
27
prevalence
the number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, including new and old cases. example: water in the bath tub. to decrease prevalence/water in the bathtub: must decrease incidence/new cases, people must get better, or people die.
28
sporadic disease
disease that only occurs occasionally rare unless something happens like a natural disaster. ex. typhoid
29
endemic disease
disease constantly in the population ex. common cold
30
epidemic disease
disease aquired by many people in a given area in a short time. ex. influenza during the winter.
31
pandemic
worldwide epidemic ex. COVID
32
acute disease
symptoms developed rapidly, but the disease lasts a short time ex. cold
33
chronic disease
symtoms develop slowly, but the disease lasts a while and the body reaction is less severe
34
subacute disease
acute + chronic rapid onset, slow recovery
35
latent disease
inactive for a time period, then becomes active though a trigger such as stress. ex. shingles. seen as blisters. activated when stressed.
36
herd immunity
the immunity of most the population and how vaccinations help prevent the spread of disease.
37
local infection
pathogens are in a limited, small area of the body ex. UTI
38
systemic (generalized) infection
an infection seen all throughout the body
39
focal infection
a systemic infeciton that first started out as a local infection.
40
sepsis
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes such as toxins
41
bacteremia septicemia toxemia viremia
1. bacteria in the blood 2. blood poisoning + bacterial growth in the blood 3. toxins in the blood 4. viruses in the blood
42
primary infection
ACUTE. the infection that causes the initial disease
43
secondary infection
opportunistic infection after a primary infection. causing another infection after treatment
44
subclinical disease
no noticeable signs nor symptoms
45
incubation period
the time interval between the initial infection, first signs, and symptoms before the disease!
46
prodromal period
short period after inhibition. the early mild symptoms
47
period of illness
disease is more severe
48
period of decline
signs and symptoms reside ABX or the immune system intervenes
49
period of covalescense
body returns back to normal/to pre-diseased state
50
reservoirs
humans - carriers. they don't know they have the INFX and spread it animals - zoonoses. disease spread from animal to human non-living reservoirs: soil and water.
51
direct contact transmission
requires close contact and association between the infected and susceptible host
52
congenital transmission
transmission from mother to fetus/newborn at birth
53
indirect contact transmission
spread disease to a host throgh a non-living surface, a fomite.
54
droplet transmission
transmission via airborne dropkets less than 1 meter ex. sneezing and coughing
55
vehicle transmission
inanimate reservoirs. - airborne - waterborne - foodborne
56
vectors/anthropods
fleas, ticks, mosquitos. 1. mechanical transission: anthrpod like a fly carries pathogen on its feet then lands on you. 2. biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in the vector and is transmitted via a bite or feces. ex. malaria.
57
HAI
healthcare-associated infections AKA nosocomial infections: acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility. results from: 1. microbes in the hospital environment 2. weakened status of the host 3. chain of transmission
58
compromised host
an individual whose resistance to infections is impaired by disease, therapy (chemo), or burns (fragile state).

bio2200 (13 decks)

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