innate and adaptive immunity

Question 1

innate immunity is

Answer 1

non-specific
has no memory
includes first line of defense: physical structures and chemical secretions.
and
second line of defense: phagocytic cells, NK cells, antimicrobial prtiens, inflammatory response.

Question 2

adaptive immunity is

Answer 2

specific! tailors its fight in response to antigens.
has memory

third line of defense:
1. lymphocytes: B and T cells, leukocytes(WBCS) and dendritic cells (APC)
2. antibodies: trigger the classical pathway.
3. macrophages and other APC’s.

HUMORAL (B CELLS) AND CELLULAR (CD4 AND CD8 T CELLS)

Question 3

types of granulocytes

Answer 3

neutrophils
basoophils
eosinophils
mast cells

Question 4

types of agranulocytes

Answer 4

monocytes: macrophages and dendrites
dendritic cells
natural killer cells: lymphocyte
B-cells: lymphocyte
T-cells: lymphocyte

Question 5

WBCS include

Answer 5

neutrophils
lymphocytes (b cells and t cells)
monocytes/macrophages
eosinophils
basophils

Question 6

basophils

Answer 6

granulocyte + innate
release histamines
inflammation + allergic reactions

Question 7

eosinophil

Answer 7

granulocyte + innate
kill parasites with oxidative burst (some are phagocytic)

Question 8

mast cell

Answer 8

granulocyte + innate
APC.
release chemicals to activate inflammation

Question 9

neutrophil

Answer 9

granulocyte + both systems
phagocytize bacteria and fungi
first at the site of the initial INFX.

Question 10

monocytes

Answer 10

granulocyte + both systems
become macrophages
cause inflammation and perform phagocytosis

Question 11

dendritic cells

Answer 11

agranulocyte + both systems
present antigens to T-cells, initialing the adaptive immune response
APC and phagocytic.

Question 12

NK cells

Answer 12

agranulocytes + both systems + lymphocyte
kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells

Question 13

plasmocyte - B-cell

Answer 13

agranulocyte + innate + lymphocyte
APC cells!
recognize antigens and produce antibodies.

Question 14

T-cells

Answer 14

agranulocyte + innate + lymphocyte
secrete cytokines
*CD4 - MHC-II. T-helper cells
*CD8 - MHC-I. recognize and kill “non-self cells”. cytotoxic T-cells

Question 15

complement system:

Answer 15

classical
alternaitve
lectin

C3 protein then leads to
cytolysis
opsonization
inflammation

Question 16

classical pathway

Answer 16

uses antibodies produced by CD4 t-helper cells TH2, released by interleukin 4, activating a B-cell (humoral response), which become plasma cells, activating the compliment system classical pathway.

C1
C2 & C4
C2a & C4b
C3

Question 17

alternative pathway

Answer 17

lipid-carb complex
C3

Question 18

lectin

Answer 18

lectin proteins.
C2 & C4
C2a & C4b
C3

Question 19

cytolysis

Answer 19

C3
C3b
C5
C5b
cell rupture with C6 7 8 9

Question 20

opsonization

Answer 20

C3
C3b
enhances phagocytosis and promotes adherence.

Question 21

inflammation

Answer 21

C3
C3a & C3b
C5
C5a & C5b
releases histamine by binding to mast cell.
vasodilation and increased permeability of Vs.
inflammatory response + fever + vasoactive mediators.

Question 22

activated by MHC-I

(MHC - major histocompatibility complex: cell surface proteins that present antigens to cells)

Answer 22

cd8 cells.
cytotoxic cells.
activated by a virus-infected cell.
induce apoptosis by releasing perforin to attack and destroy the cell.
intercellular.

Question 23

activated by MHC-II

(MHC - major histocompatibility complex: cell surface proteins that present antigens to cells)

Answer 23

cd4 cells.
t-helper cells.
dendritic cell (APC)
activates TH-1, TH-2, and TH-17

Question 24

CD4 TH-1

Answer 24

release interleukin-2 and interferon gamma
activate cd8 cells & macrophages (phagocytes)

Question 25

CD4 TH-2

Answer 25

release interleukin-4 - activate eosinophils - kill parasites - activate humoral response/extracellular. B-cells activate to become plasma and memory cells to produce antibodies to bind to the epitope region of the antigen/microbe. - causes the direct antibody killing of microbe, activating the classical pathway of the complement system. - activates mast cells and basophils! C3a + C5b receptors release histamine, causing an increase in vascular permeability and the inflammatory response.

Question 26

CD4 TH-17

Answer 26

release interleukin-17 - activate neutrophils, which are high during the early stages of INFX. promote the inflammatory response. neutrophils fight fungi and extracellular bacteria.

Question 27

colonel selection + expansion

Answer 27

selection: B-cell identifies the antigen. expansion: B-cell proliferates/cells divide.

Question 28

interleukins

Answer 28

cytokines that serve as communication between WBCS

Question 29

interferons

Answer 29

interfere with the viral INFX of host cells.

Question 30

antibody class switching

Answer 30

the initial IgM response switches to a more specific antibody, like IgG.

Question 31

phagocytosis

Answer 31

done by neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. 1. chemotaxis 2. adherence 3. ingestion 4. digestion

Question 32

inflammatory response

Answer 32

1. vasodilation: increase the permeability of BV's. vasoactive mediators 2. phagocytosis: neutrophils and macrophages 3. tissue repair: stroma and parenchyma PRISH symptoms.