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Microbio Final > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

epidemiology

A
  • the study of factors and mechanisms that are involved in the frequency and spread of diseases which affect humans, plants and animals
  • the goal is to obtain information useful in preventing the spread of disease
  • methods used are descriptive, analytical, experimental
  • when studying a disease, the first task of an epidemiologist is to determine the cause of disease (etiologic agent)
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2
Q

etiologic agent

A

cause of the disease

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3
Q

morbidity rate

A

the number of cases as a percentage of the population

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4
Q

mortality rate

A

measure of deaths in the population

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5
Q

prevalence rate

A

number of people infected at any one time

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6
Q

incidence rate

A

new cases per unit population per unit time period

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7
Q

sporadic diseases

A

only seen occasionally
- no known pattern of emergence

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8
Q

endemic disease

A
  • constantly present
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9
Q

epidemic diseases

A
  • larger than expected number of cases in a short period of time
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10
Q

pandemic diseases

A

worldwide epidemic

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11
Q

propagated epidemics

A

person to person spread

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12
Q

John Snow

A

a contaminated water pump in Broad street proved to be the source for the spread of cholera

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13
Q

common source

A

single source for all of the individuals infected
- ex: the well that was causing cholera in London)

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14
Q

point source

A

common source operates for a short period of time
- ex: contaminated food item

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15
Q

continuous common source spread

A

the infection occurs for an extended period of time

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16
Q

intermittent common source spread

A

infections occur for a period, stop, and then begin again

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17
Q

propagated spread

A

direct or indirect person-to-person contact
- there is no single source of infection
- each infected individual becomes a source for one or more subsequent infections
- cannot be easily stopped

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18
Q

observational studies

A

data are gathered from study participants through meaurements

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19
Q

methods and types of studies used in observational studies of epidemiology

Study These Flashcards
A
  • descriptive epidemiology
  • analytical epidemiology
  • retrospective studies
  • prospective studies
  • case control studies
  • cross sectional studies
20
Q

experimental studies

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A
  • use laboratory or clinical studies in which the investigator manipulates the study subjects to study connections between diseases and potential causative agents
21
Q

carriers of infection

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A
  • passive
  • active
  • asymptomatic
  • ex: Pertussis (whooping cough), influenza, common cold, etc.
22
Q

zoonotic diseases

Study These Flashcards
A

diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals

23
Q

nonliving reservoirs

Study These Flashcards
A

water supplies, soil

24
Q

passive carrier

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A

has or carries the infection but not infected by it (not a susceptible host)

25
active carrier of infection
has disease and can transmit pathogen to someone else
26
asymptomatic carrier
not expressing symptoms (pathogen is latent) but the host still has disease and can transfer it to another susceptible host
27
modes of disease transmission
- contact - vehicle - vector
28
contact transmission
- direct contact - indirect contact by fomites - droplets
29
vehicle transmission
- transmission is via a medium such as: air, food, liquid - these are all things routinely taken into the body - they thus serve as vehicles into the body
30
vector transmission
- a living agent that aids in transmission - mechanical (on insect bodies) - biological (part of life cycle occurs in it)
31
R0
- how contagious an infectious disease is
32
factors that R0 depends on
1. duration of infectiousness 2. probability of infection being transmitted during contact (between a susceptible and infected individual) 3. average rate of contact (between susceptible and infected individuals)
33
quarantine vs isolation
1) applied to healthy people exposed to a disease during the incubation period 2) limits the movements of such people and not necessarily to precautions during treatment
34
notifiable diseases
- infectious diseases that are potentially harmful to the public's health and must be reported by the physicians
35
emerging infectious disease
- either new to the human population or has shown an increase in prevalence in the previous twenty years
36
emerging viruses
viruses that were previously endemic and have expanded their host range to other species
37
reemerging infectious disease
- a disease that is increasing in frequency after a previous period of decline - its reemergence may be a result of changing conditions or old prevention regimes that are no longer working - ex: drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and malaria
38
herd immunity
- as percent of population that is immune increases, the number of cases over time decreases - if only some have antibodies, the virus easily spreads - if most have antibodies, the virus is contained
39
nosocomial infections
- hospital acquired infections
40
common causative agents of nosocomial infections
- e coli - s aureus - streptococcus - pseudomonas - klebsiella - enterobacter - candida - staph epidermidis - bacteroides - serratia
41
modes of transmission of nosocomial infections
- elevator shaft - ventialation duct - contamination from equipment
42
universal precautions
- wear gloves and gowns - wear masks and protective eyewear - wash hands before and after patient contact, and after removal of gloves - use disposable mouthpiece for CPR - discard contaminated needles - clean fluid spills
43
why is disease eradication difficult
1. available medical expertise not always applied 2. infectious agents adapt 3. unknown or rare diseases become more significant 4. immigration, international travel, commerce
44
how to investigate an outbreak
1. confirmation of outbreak 2. verify diagnosis 3. case definition 4. case finding 5. descriptive epidemiology 6. generate hypothesis 7. analytical epidemiology 8. evaluate control measures 9. surveillance
45
how to investigate an outbreak in 7 steps
1. case investigation 2. cause investigation 3. control measures 4. conduct analytic study (if necessary) 5. conclusions (causal interference) 6. continue surveillance 7. communicate findings

Microbio Final (7 decks)

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