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Honors Anatomy > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

0
Q

Spaces in bones of skull opening into nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

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1
Q

What has to happen to air before it reaches the lungs

A

Air is cleansed of dirt, warmed to body temp, and moistened

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2
Q

Conducts air in and out and prevents foreign objects from entering trachea

A

Larynx

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3
Q

Name the sets of vocal cords and differ between two

A

False vocal cords-do not produce sound

True vocal cords-produce sound

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4
Q

Name and define the properties of sound

A

Loudness-force when air is expelled from lungs
Pitch-changes as vocal cords vary in length
Quality-formed as a result of vibrations occurring in nose, throat, thorax

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5
Q

Flap like structure that covers opening into larynx during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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6
Q

purpose of ciliates mucus membrane

A

Lines inner wall and moves particles upward to pharynx

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7
Q

Purpose of the cartilage rings

A

To prevent trachea from collapsing

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8
Q

Right and left branch arising from trachea

A

Primary bronchi

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9
Q

Branches of the primary bronchi

A

Secondary bronchi

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10
Q

Finer tubes branches from bronchi

A

Bronchioles

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11
Q

Cluster of small air sacs

A

Alveoli

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12
Q

Separates right and left lung and diaphragm and the thoracic cage encloses them

A

Mediastinum

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13
Q

Differ between visceral pleura and parietal pleura

A

V.P attaches to lungs surface

P.P lines thoracic cavity

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14
Q

Attraction of water molecules on the moist inner surface of alveoli

A

Surface tension

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15
Q

Lipoprotein secreted into alveolar spaces to reduce the chance of collapse

A

Surfactant

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16
Q

Device that measures volume of air that moves in or out of lungs

A

Spirometer

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17
Q

1 inspiration plus the following expiration

A

Respiratory cycle

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18
Q

Volume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiratory cycle (500ml)

A

Tidal volume

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19
Q

Volume of air that Can be inhaled in excess of tidal volume (3000ml)

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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20
Q

Volume of air that can be exhaled in excess of tidal volume (1100ml)

A

Expiration reserve volume

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21
Q

Volume of air remaining in lungs after deepest expiration (1200ml)

A

Residual volume

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22
Q

State four factors that affect breathing

A

Respiratory center in brain stem
Chemicals in body fluids
Inflation reflex helps regulate depth of breathing
Emotional upset can alter normal breathing

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23
Q

Breathing rapidly and deeply

A

Hyperventilation

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24
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane

A

Alveolar and capillary walls

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25
Q

Explain the causes of gases to diffuse

A

Gases diffuse from high partial pressure to lower partial pressure
Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood
CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolar air

26
Q

3 things that will cause more oxygen to by released

A

CO2 increases, blood becomes more acidic, blood temp rises

27
Q

Deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissue

A

Hypoxia

28
Q

3 ways co2 gets transported

A

Plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as a bicarbonate ion (hco3)

29
Q

Most efficient way to transport co2

A

Bicarbonate ions

30
Q

Atmospheric pressure forces air into lungs

A

Inspiration

31
Q

Pressure inside lungs and alveoli decrease

A

Inspiration

32
Q

Alveoli pressure falls when diaphragm moves downward

A

Inspiration

33
Q

Thoracic cage moves up and outward

A

Inspiration

34
Q

Surface tension

A

Inspiration

35
Q

Surfactant

A

Inspiration

36
Q

Elastic recoil of tissue

A

Expiration

37
Q

Surface tension in alveoli provide the force of

A

Expiration

38
Q

Thoracic and abdominal wall muscle aid

A

Expiration

39
Q

Abdominal organs spring back into previous shapes, pushing diaphragm upward

A

Expiration

40
Q

Passive process

A

Expiration

41
Q

What happens to the Nasal septum

A

Straight at birth then as a person grows older, it bends to one side

42
Q

Painful sinus headaches are the result of

A

Blocked drainage caused by infection or allergic reaction

43
Q

Damage to the nerves that supply the laryngeal muscles can do what

A

Alter the quality of a persons voice

44
Q

What is laryngitis

A

Mucous membrane of the larynx becomes inflamed/swollen due to infection or irritation from inhaled vapors and prevents vocal cross from vibrating as freely as before

45
Q

How do one control laryngitis

A

Inserting a tube into trachea through nose or mouth can restore

46
Q

What is surfactant

A

Newborns lungs inflate for the first time

47
Q

Why do premature infants suffer respiratory distress syndrome

A

Don’t produce sufficient surfactant

48
Q

How do infants with respiratory distress syndrome survive

A

They drip synthetic surfactant into tiny lungs through an endotracheal tube

49
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

A puncture in thoracic wall allows atmospheric air to enter pleural cavity and creates a real space between the membranes

50
Q

What is emphysema

A

Disease that destroys alveolar walls
Decreases surface area of the respiratory membrane and reduces the volume of gases that can be exchanged through the membrane

51
Q

What is lung cancer

A

Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that rob normal cells of nutrients and oxygen

52
Q

Cancers that begun in the lungs

A

Primary pulmonary cancers

53
Q

Nonrespiratory movements

A

Sneeze, laughing, hiccup, yawning, coughing

54
Q

What does spirometer measure

A

Emphysema, pneumonia, and lung cancer

55
Q

What does adding co2 to air stimulates

A

Rate and depth of breathing

56
Q

Ordinary air co2

A

.04%

57
Q

What causes hyperventilation

A

Lowered co2 concentration followed by a rise in pH and decreased blood flow to brain cells

58
Q

How can one determine breath analysis

A

Respiratory membrane is normally so thin that other chemicals other than co2 can diffuse into alveolar air and be exhaled

59
Q

What happens to the balloons when the rubber sheeting is pulled downward

A

The balloons inflate with air

60
Q

What happens when the sheeting is pushed upward

A

The balloons deflate with air

61
Q

When a person hyperventilated in fresh air does her co2 content decrease or increase

A

Decrease

62
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Thick, sticky Mucus builds up extremely and blocks airways making it hard to breathe

Honors Anatomy (18 decks)

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