Chapter 16

Question 1

demonic model

Answer 1

view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits interested in the body

Question 2

medical model

Answer 2

perception that regarded mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment

Question 3

asylums

Answer 3

institutions for the mentally ill; created 15th century

Question 4

moral treatment

Answer 4

approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness and respect

Question 5

deinstitutionalisation

Answer 5

1960s-70s governmental policy that focused on releasing patients into the community and closing mental hospitals

Question 6

bulimia nervosa

Answer 6

eating disorder - binge & purge

Question 7

anorexia nervosa

Answer 7

eating disorder - excessive weight loss & irrational perception of being overweight

Question 8

labelling theorists

Answer 8

scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours

Question 9

DSM

Answer 9

Diagnostic and Statistic Manual

of Mental Disorders

Question 10

prevalence

Answer 10

percentage of people who have a mental disorder

Question 11

axes

Answer 11

dimensions of functioning

Question 12

comorbidity

Answer 12

co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

Question 13

categorical model

Answer 13

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree

Question 14

dimensional model

Answer 14

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind

Question 15

insanity or mental order defence

Answer 15

legal defence proposing that people should not be held legally responsible for their actions if they were not of ‘sound mind’ when committing them

Question 16

involuntary commitment

Answer 16

placing a mentally ill person in a facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others, or their inability to care for themselves

Question 17

somatoform disorders

Answer 17

conditions with physical symptoms that suggest medical illness, but are actually psychological in origin

Question 18

hypochondriasis

Answer 18

preoccupation with the notion of suffering from a serious physical disease

Question 19

panic attacks

Answer 19

brief, intense episodes of extreme fear characterised by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat and feelings of impending death or going crazy

Question 20

panic disorder

Answer 20

repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them

Question 21

generalised anxiety disorder

GAD

Answer 21

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning

Question 22

phobia

Answer 22

intense fear of an object / situation greatly out of proportion to the actual threat

Question 23

agoraphobia

Answer 23

fear of being in a place / situation from which escape is difficult / embarrassing, or in which help in unavailable in the event of a panic attack

Question 24

specific phobias

Answer 24

intense fear of objects, places or situations greatly out of proportion to their actual threat

Question 25

social phobia

Answer 25

marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment / humiliation is possible

Question 26

posttraumatic stress disorder | PTSD

Answer 26

marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event

Question 27

obsessive-compulsive disorder | OCD

Answer 27

repeated and lengthy (at least 1hr / day) immersion in obsessions or compulsions or both

Question 28

obsessions

Answer 28

persistent ideas / thoughts / impulses that are unwanted / inappropriate / causing marked distress

Question 29

compulsions

Answer 29

repetitive behaviours / mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress

Question 30

anxiety sensitivity

Answer 30

fear of anxiety-related sensations

Question 31

major depressive epidsode

Answer 31

person experiences lingering depressed moods or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with other symptoms (weight, sleep, fatigue, concentration, hopelessness, worthlessness, suicidal tendencies)

Question 32

cognitive model of depression

Answer 32

theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations

Question 33

learned helplessness

Answer 33

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we cannot control

Question 34

manic episode

Answer 34

dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, irresponsible behaviour

Question 35

bipolar disorder

Answer 35

condition marked by at least one manic episode

Question 36

depersonalisation disorder

Answer 36

condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalisation

Question 37

dissociative disorders

Answer 37

conditions involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception

Question 38

dissociative amnesia

Answer 38

inability to recall important personal information - often related to a stressful experience - that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness

Question 39

dissociative fugue

Answer 39

sudden, unexpected travel away from home / work, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events

Question 40

dissociative identity disorder | DID

Answer 40

presence of two or more distinct identities that recurrently take control of the person's behaviour

Question 41

schizophrenia

Answer 41

severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

Question 42

delusions

Answer 42

strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality

Question 43

psychotic symtoms

Answer 43

psychological problems reflecting serious distortions in reality

Question 44

hallucinations

Answer 44

sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimuli

Question 45

catatonic symptoms

Answer 45

motor problems: - extreme resistance complying to simple suggestions - holding the body in bizarre / rigid postures - foetal position

Question 46

diathesis-stress models

Answer 46

perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and stressors that trigger this vulnerability

Question 47

personality disorder

Answer 47

personality traits (appearing first in adolescence) are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress / impairment

Question 48

borderline personality disorder

Answer 48

extreme instability in mood, identity and impulse control

Question 49

psychopathic personality

Answer 49

superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness and risk-taking

Question 50

antisocial personality disorder | ASPD

Answer 50

lengthy history of irresponsible / illegal actions