butyric acid
common name for butanoic acid
means butter
reactuib if a carboxylic acid with an alcohol (or phenol) to produce an ester (and water)
a strong acid catalyst is needed
opposite is hydrolysis
esterification
smaller ones are colorless liquids with pleasant odors
-responsible for flavor & fragrance of fruits & flowers
-used as flavoring agents in foods
physical state of esters
esters
carboxylic acid derivative where OH is replaced with an OR group
represented linearly as -COOR
odor - fruits/flowers
common name for butanoic acid
means butter
butyric acid
carboxyl group
a carbonyl group (C double bonded to O) with a hydroxyl group bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom.
written linearly as -COOH
carboxylic acid derivative that looks like 2 acid molecules linked together. very reactive
"without water"
reacts with water (produces 2 acid molecules)
reacts with alcohol (produces ester and acid)
reacts with amines (produces acid and amide)
acid anhydrides
chemical reaction of esters
ester plus a strong base results in a carboxylate salt and an alcohol
saponification reaction
acetic acid
common name for ethanoic acid
means sour
order of reactivity
Acid chloride > acid anhydride > ester = acid > amide
a carbonyl group (C double bonded to O) with a hydroxyl group bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom.
written linearly as -COOH
carboxyl group
acyl compound
contains an acyl group whose carbonyl compound atom is bonded directly to an O, N or halogen
common name for pentanoic acid
means strong
valeric acid
saponification reaction
chemical reaction of esters
ester plus a strong base results in a carboxylate salt and an alcohol
sulfur analog of esters
a sulfur containing analog of an ester where an SR group replaces the ester's OR group
an important example is Acetyl coenzyme CoA - plays a central role in metabolic cycles where the body obtains energy to run itsefl
thioesters
carboxylic acid derivative where the OH part of the carboxyl group is replaced with a Cl
reactive with water (produces acid and alcohol)
reactive with alcohol (produces ester and acid)
reactive with amine (produces amide and acid)
acid chloride
β-keto ester
result of Claisen Condensation
has 2 O double bonds
boiling point higher than alcohols because they can form 2 hydrogen bond with other molecules creating a dimer
boiling point of carboxylic acids
skin care products
contains an –OH on the α carbon
α-hydroxy acids
valeric acid
common name for pentanoic acid
means strong
acid anhydrides
carboxylic acid derivative that looks like 2 acid molecules linked together. very reactive
"without water"
reacts with water (gives 2 acid molecules), alcohol (gives ester) and amines (gives acid and amide)
boiling point
carboxylic acids > alcohols > [aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers] > alkanes
contains an acyl group whose carbonyl compound atom is bonded directly to an O, N or halogen
acyl compound
formic acid
common name for methanoic acid
means sting
Claisen Condensation
reaction of esters
The α-carbon of esters is Acidic (like aldehydes & ketones)
the acidic H is removed by the strong base, allows the α-carbon to act as a nucleophile and attack the carbonyl carbon of a 2nd ester molecule
results in alcohol and β-ketoester
solubility of carboxylic acids
smaller ones are soluble because they form hydrogren bonds with water
reaction of esters
The α-carbon of esters is Acidic (like aldehydes & ketones)
the acidic H is removed by the strong base, allows the α-carbon to act as a nucleophile and attack the carbonyl carbon of a 2nd ester molecule
results in alcohol and β-ketoester
Claisen Condensation
acyl group
the acid part of an ester
the RCO- portion of a molecule
e.g. common names - formate, acetate
lactone
cyclic esters
formed when hydroxy acids (compounds with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups) undergo intermolecular esterification
thioesters
sulfur analog of esters
a sulfur containing analog of an ester where an SR group replaces the ester's OR group
an important example is Acetyl coenzyme CoA - plays a central role in metabolic cycles where the body obtains energy to run itsefl
