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BMS 212 > Chapter 16: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Slides Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some barriers that body has for defense?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, natural flora, acid, and bile.

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2
Q

What happens if these barriers become pierced or weakened?

A

It may allow pathogens entry to the host.

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3
Q

True or False: These barriers are considered the bodies first line of defense.

A

True.

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4
Q

What are the two major layers of skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis.

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5
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Multiple layers of tightly packed cells.

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6
Q

How does the epidermis protect the body from pathogens?

A

Few pathogens can penetrate these layers.
Shedding of dead skin cells removes microorganism.

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7
Q

How does the dermis protect the body from pathogens?

A

Collagen fibers help skin resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms.

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8
Q

True or False: The skin is a good at supporting life?

A

False.

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9
Q

What does perspiration have in it that defends against pathogens?

A

Salt (makes it hard for bacteria to survive).
Antimicrobial Peptides (short amino acids chains that put holes in the membranes of bacteria).
Lysozymes (cuts open peptidoglycan).

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10
Q

What is sebum secreted by?

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands.

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11
Q

How does sebum defend against pathogens?

A

Helps keep skin pliable and less likely to break or tear.
Lowers skin pH (around 5).

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12
Q

What are commensal microbes?

A

Good for protection as long as they stay on the skin.

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13
Q

Where can you find mucous membranes?

A

They line all body cavities open to the environment (nose, urinary, etc).

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14
Q

What are the two distinct layers of mucous membranes?

A

Epithelium and deep connective tissue.

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15
Q

What is epithelium?

A

A thin, outer covering of the mucous membranes.

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16
Q

What is epithelium made out of?

A

Living, tightly packed epithelial cells and goblet cells that secrete mucous.

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17
Q

True or False: In epithelium, there is a continual shedding of cells.

A

True.

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18
Q

What does the deep connective tissue layer do?

A

Provides mechanical and nutritive support.

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19
Q

True or False: Mucous membranes produce chemicals that defend against pathogens.

A

True.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of mucous?

A

It keeps bacteria from direct contact with mucosa and normal flora.
Secrets enzymes that digest bacteria.

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21
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus do?

A

Produces and drains tears.
Lysozyme in tears destroys bacteria.

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22
Q

Where is the lacrimal apparatus located?

A

The eye.

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23
Q

What is the main function of the immune system?

A

To recognize self from non-self.

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24
Q

What are the two other functions of the immune system?

A

Elimination of pathogens.
Formation of memory (the ability for immune system to attack something better the second time).

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25
What is the second line of defense fo the body?
The innate immune system.
26
What is the innate immune system?
Utilized when first line of defense is breached. Immun response not tailored to a specific organism.
27
What are the two classes of innate immune cells?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes.
28
What are granulocytes?
Have large granules in cytoplasm.
29
What are agranulocytes?
Do not have granules in their cytoplasm.
30
What cells fall into the granulocytes class?
Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.
31
What cells fall into the agranulocytes class?
Lymphocytes and monocytes.
32
What are the three basic functions of innate immune cells?
Phagocytize pathogens. Release of soluble antimicrobials (like reactive oxygen species). Release of immune stimulating signals.
33
True or False: All innate immune cells can do all three basic functions.
False.
34
What are Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?
They are things on pathogens that are specific to pathogens, so the innate immune system can recognize it as not self.
35
What are toll-like receptors?
They are on cells, made by cells, intracellularly and extracellularly that can recognize PAMPs.
36
What are neutrophils also called?
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells becuase they have lobed nuclei.
37
What is the most common type of innate immune cell?
Neutrophils (make up 60% of the peripheral blood leukocytes).
38
Who are the first cellular responders when a pathogen in present?
Neutrophils.
39
How long do neutrophils live?
Very short-lived (half-life of 7 hours).
40
How do neutrophils primarily kill pathogens?
Degranulation - dumping toxic molecules into the surrounding tissue to better clear infectious agents.
41
True or False: Neutrophils can do phagocytosis but not diapedesis.
False; they can do both.
42
What do basiophils' nucleui look like?
They are bi-lobed.
42
What do the immune-modulatory chemicals released by basophils do?
Sounds the alarm for the immune system.
43
What are basophils known as in tissues?
Mast cells.
44
When are mast cells important?
During allergic reactions.
45
True or False: Basophils are capable of diapedesis.
True.
46
What are in basophils granules?
The granules contain histamine and other chemicals that can be chemotactic and can help to open the gaps between cells in the blood vessels.
47
True or False: Basophils cannot perform degranulation.
False.
48
What does an eosinophils nucleus look like?
Bi-lobed.
49
When are eosinophils important?
During parasitic infections (worms). Also play an important role in allergies.
50
True or False: Eosinophils are capable of phagocytosis and diapedesis.
True.
51
What are in eosinophils granules?
Granules hold histamine, degradative enzymes and major basic protein (MBP).
52
What is MBP?
Binds to the surface carbohydrates of parasites, and this binding is associated with disruption of the cell membrane and membrane permeability.
53
True or False: Eosinophils cannot perform degranulation.
False.
54
Where can you find eosinophils?
In tissues.
55
What does a monocyte look like?
Large cell with slightly lobed nucleus.
56
True or False: Monocytes can perform diapedesis.
True.
57
What can monocytes mature into?
Macrophages and dendritic cells.
58
What is a macrophage's primary job?
Phagocytosizing pathogens.
59
True or False: Macrophages cannot reside in body tissues for a long period of time.
False.
60
What is dendritic cells' primary job?
They are professional antigen-presenting cells and tell other cells something is wrong and what is happening.
61
What do dendritic cells look like?
They have long branched structures called dendrites.
62
What is the most important thing about dendritic cells?
They bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems (allow for communication) and present antigens to T cells.
63
Where are dendritic cells found?
They are present in the tissue lining mucosal membranes to have constant surveillance of surroundings.
64
What are the five bodily characteristics involved in inflammation?
Pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
65
What is pain?
The swelling and release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings.
66
What is heat?
Increased blood flow.
67
What is redness?
Increased blood flow.
68
What is swelling?
Increased fluid.
69
What is acute inflammation?
A typically beneficial and shortly-lived swelling.
70
Why is acute inflammation important in the second line of defense?
It dilates and increased the permeability of the blood vessels. Helps the migration of phagocytes. Allows for tissue repair.
71
What is chronic inflammation?
A long-lasting swelling that causes damage to tissues that then causes disease.
72
What is diapedesis/extraction?
Movement of WBCs from capillaries through capillary walls to site of infection.
73
How does histamine help with diapedesis?
Histamine releases tight junctions of capillaries.
74
What is the first step of diapedesis?
P selectins are expressed on endothelial cells that begins that slowing of WBCs.
75
What is the second step of diapedesis?
E selectins are expressed which further slows the WBCs.
76
What is the third step of diapedesis?
Chemokines bind to chemokine receptor which initiates a change to active integrin. This makes the biding tighter and ultimately stops the WBCs.
77
What is step four of diapedesis?
Movement out of capillaries.
78
What do the selectins do?
They act like molecular velcro and slow the WBCs down.
79
What are cytokines?
Any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting WBCs to sites of infection.
80
What are integrins?
Molecules on leukocytes that attach to adhesion molecules allowing the leukocytes to flatten and squeeze through the space between the endothelial cells.
81
What do neutrophils do at the site of infection?
Release additional cytokines and kill pathogens.
82
How does the releasing of cytokines help infections?
They amplify the immune response and recruit additional immune cells.
83
How do neutrophils kill pathogens?
Phagocytize bacteria. Release anti-microbial chemicals and proteins. Form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) made out of neutrophil DNA that confines bacteria.
84
What are the six stages of phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis Adhesion Ingestion Maturation Killing Elimination
85
What is chemotaxis?
Movement of something in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.
86
What is maturation?
Vesicle with pathogen matures makes environment unlivable for the pathogen; decrease in pH; breaks down pathogen.
87
What are some examples of PAMPs?
Peptidoglycan, LPS, double-stranded RNA, unmethylated DNA.
88
What can binding to TLRs cause?
Phagocytosis Cytokine production
89
What is the difference between PAMPs and antigens?
PAMPs are conserved molecules of related microbes that are recognized by innate immune cells. They are not super specific, but can determine if something is a virus, bacteria, etc. Antigens are more specific and can differentiate specific microbes.
90
Why is it important that TLRs are located internally and externally?
They can recognize PAMPs anywhere, even if virus has infiltrated the cell.

BMS 212 (24 decks)

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